Peace and Free

Peace and Freedom Essay General accounts that place the American combat experience in the broader context of the 1918 campaign can be found in literature. Authors provide sound overviews of the AEFs European combat experience. Accounts of specific battles contain an excellent general description of the Marine combat experience on the Western Front. Perhaps influenced by recent trends in military history, many authors have attempted to come to grips with the wars impact on the individual soldier. Authors look at the Armys treatment of its black soldiers and of those soldiers reactions. There are also more detailed works on the black experience. They provide a fine general account of the African-American experience in the U. S. military. At the same time historians focused on the very important role women played at home. In The Women and the Warriors, Carrie Foster looks at the early history of the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom. He finds that its experience during the World War I greatly shaped its view of the world and the strategies it pursued during this period. The important scholarship on women during the war challenges the traditional interpretation of the war as, on the whole, a liberating experience for women. For historians are important local studies, focusing on official policy toward women and workers in general. There is also the psychosocial impact of the war on gender relations. What happens when the men come home is described by historians. Historians investigated also the history of industrial workers. They focused on the militarization of labor and on the relations among union leaders, capitalists, and military authorities. Historians covered labyrinthine administrative arrangements that economic mobilization engendered and trade union organization. Recent scholarship on the working class in wartime features a great many local studies. The history of daily life among civilians during the World War I has been investigated chiefly via local case studies. Many historians propose that the experience of the war on the home front often came down to â€Å"steel and turnips†Ã¢â‚¬â€ever-increasing demands for work and â€Å"efficiency, † and less and less to eat in the bargain. It almost goes without doubt that a disproportionate number of those undergoing these experiences were women and children. Some writers focus on the ideological impact of war work for the womens movement and consider the related issue of â€Å"pronatalism† as an element of wartime mentality. As to the children for whom working women continued to care, historians have studied the day-to-day life of those still in school and considered youth movements within the middle class. One social group of importance to both women and children was doctors. The relationship of both politicians and soldiers with the press has drawn a number of scholars. They have concentrated upon the issue of control and censorship touching on both censorship and ownership. The press was naturally an instrument for propaganda. The impact of theatre, photography, the infant cinema and, especially, the pioneering wartime film has been the subject of detailed consideration. Today the World War I is in modern memory as an incredible experience of our parents and grandparents. Its places of battles are partially preserved. Its equipment and accoutrements exhibited in museums. A balanced account of the entire period is captured in excellent historical works that always will be read with curiosity and amazement, as well as a growing understanding. References Coffman, Edward M. (1968). The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I. New York: Oxford. Foster, Carrie A. (1995). The Women and the Warriors: The U. S. Section of the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1946. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. Kreidberg, Marvin A., and Merton G. Henry. (1955). History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army, 1775-1945. Washington, DC: Department of the Army. Perret, Geoffrey. (1989). A Country Made by War: From Revolution to Vietnam—The Story of Americas Rise to Power. New York: Random House. Plaschka, Richard Georg, Horst Haselsteiner, and Arnold Suppan. (1974). Innere Front: Militarassistenz, Widerstand und Umsturz in der Donaumonarchie, Vienna. Weigley, Russell F. (1973). The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy. New York: Macmillan.

Lobbying Practices Of The Coca Cola Company

Lobbying Practices Of The Coca Cola Company Lobbying is a practice of influence the decision made by the government (in group or individual). Lobbyist is the people who work for the company to influence or convince the legislator or the law makers to make the decision in favor of the company. Currently 38 lobbyists at 7 different firms lobbying on behalf of Coca Cola Coca Cola being one of the top brand in the beverage industry was not one of the ethical companies in the industry. Coca Cola and its products have been criticized for various reasons such as health effects , unfair labor practices , high levels of pesticides in its products , environmental destruction and monopolistic business practices . There were many cases on Coca Cola for its unethical practices :- 1.The Bigio family The Bigio family who were currently living in Canada filed a law suit against Coca Cola on April 27 ,1997 in the United States . They claimed that Coke had purchased Bigio family property in Egypt which was illegally seized by the Egyptian Government in 1960s because they were Jewish. The Case was filed in US federal Court under the Alien Tort Statute which gives non US citizens the right to sue in US courts for alleged violations of international law. In 1994 the Bigios had warned coke not to go ahead with the acquisition of the Bigios property without compensating them but Coca Cola didnt listen to their warnings and went ahead with the deal and purchased the property without compensating the Bigios . Coke argued that the case should be dismissed as the court lacked jurisdiction and that the case had become old and that the claims made by the Bigios were baseless and that they had been removed from the property some 25years before. (Wikipedia ,2010) 2. Monopolistic Competition Pepsi Co had filed a case in the US accusing Coca Cola of monopolizing the market of fountain dispensed soft drinks in the US. In June 2005 , Coca Cola agreed to end all its deals with shops and bars in Europe to stock only Coca Cola products after the EU interfered and found Coke business practices to be stifled competition. In Nov 2005 Coca Colas Mexican unit and a number of cokes distributors and bottlers had been fined around $68 million for unfair commercial practices . 3. Trade Practices in Mexico Coca Cola had its second largest market in Mexico where they had a 70% stake in the market. At the time only Pepsi was their biggest rival but then a new brand name Big Cola entered the market with a cheaper price than Coke. By 2004 Big cola had acquired a 5% share in the market and was still growing. Big Cola grew and became popular because half of the Mexicans were poor and they preferred the cheaper Big Cola than Coca Cola so Coke had to lower its prices and change its pricing strategies in Mexico . On July 04 , 2005 Coca Cola and its bottlers were charged of violating the monopoly and anti competitive business practices as they were accused of threatening the small business owners to stop selling Big Cola. (Knol,2010) 4. Philippine unfair competition case Coca cola was accused of unfair competition and on Jan 21,2008 the Philippines National Bureau of Investigation raided three of cokes warehouses for illegally possessing imported bottles of a competitor RC cola . The makers of RC cola filed a complaint for unfair competition and Coca Cola released a statement saying that they respect competition and always have maintained a fair play policy . (Absolute Astronomy ,2010) 5. Channel Stuffing settlement On July 27,2008 , Coca cola had to pay $137.5 million to settle a shareholder lawsuit. Coca cola was accused of channel stuffing or artificial inflation of their results to give investors a false picture of the companies health in the market . They were forcing some bottlers to purchase unnecessary beverage concentrate to boost its sales and show higher sales to the investors. 6. Pesticide use in India Coca Colas products that were produced and distributed in the Indian market contained pesticides such as DDT , lindane ,malathion and chlorpyrifos which all contribute to cancer and a weaken the immune system of the human body. The centre of Science and Environment found that the drink produced in India by Coca cola contained 30 times the level of pesticide residues that were permitted by the EU. The Indian government formed a committee which was given the task of developing worlds first pesticide standards for soft drinks. Both the soft drink giants Pepsi and Coca Cola opposed the move and stated that the lab tests werent reliable enough to prove or detect traces of pesticide particles in the drinks. Coca cola responded to the acquisitions by stating that their plants filter water helps to remove all the contaminants and that all their products meet the minimum health standards before they are distributed in the market. During this period Coca Cola had a drop of 11% in their sales . 7. Water Use Coke was accused of draining the underground water table in India and releasing industrial wastes . It was estimated that Coke used 15 million liters of ground water everyday for product and bottling operations and using 65 wells thus depleting the underground water levels. Studies found out that the contaminated water contained heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. When farmers refused to accept the wastes coke allegedly dumped the wastes in their farms in the middle of the night. Coca cola was also accused of consuming so many gallons of water that it created sever water shortages and destroying the soil of the neighboring farms . The Coca Cola plant used 9,00,000 liters of water last year and the water which was to be used by all users was being used up by Coca cola alone. (Knol,2010) 8. Columbia Controversy In 2001 Coca colas bottling companies had been linked to many controversies. These included the murder of eight union leaders. Violence, abductions and torturing of the union members were a common practice in Colombia. It is said that these practices took place under the knowledge and directions of the bottling companies who had hired paramilitary forces. In order to remove the permanent union workers the union offices were burned down and the union workers and their family were threatened. This was done so that cheap contract workers could me brought in place of the permanent union workers. In 2004 a fact-finding delegation from New York was sent to Columbia to inquire about the above controversies. The delegation found that there were 179 major human rights violations. The companys managers did not take any interest in investigating the complaints of the workers that led to the conclusion that human rights were overlooked and that their labors were under threat by the company. 9. Guatemala Controversy As the Columbia bottling franchises even in Guatemala there were controversies with the bottling plant. Union members were murdered which done under the knowledge of the bottling plants managers. These murders led to the cancellation of the bottling plants license in 1981. Many complaints were lodged against the company. The court case against the company is still going on Guatemala. 10. Israel and the Middle East Controversy Coca cola has had its bit of bad times in the Middle East. The company first came into news when the company tried to open up a franchise in Israel in 1949 but they were not given the permission to do so. Coca cola was tensed that it would not be allowed to sell its product in the Middle East so they decided not to sell its products in Israel. Coca cola was accused of doing business with Israel in 1961. An Egyptian civil servant made these accusations. He did so because he mistakenly took the Amharic writing as Hebrew, which was written, on the coca cola bottle. After the accusations the manager of the company said to the press that coca cola would never do business with Israel. According to coca cola Israel was a very small market for coca colas operation. Five years later coca cola again came into the lime light for the wrong reasons. In 1966 a Tel Aviv businessman criticized the company of boycotting Israel from its operational market just to sell its products in the Arab market. The anti defamation league which is situated in the United States took up the matter. Coca cola was questioned for not operating in Israel. It was also said that if Israel was a small market to operate then why was coca cola operating in Cyprus, which was one-tenth the size of Israel. This created some serious pressure on coca cola to open a franchise in Israel or else facing a boycott of their products in the American market. These questions forced the company to open a bottling plant in Tel Aviv. This move hampered its growth in the Middle East as coca cola was boycotted from 1968 to 1991 due to the economic boycott of Israel. In 2000 the coca cola label created controversies, which was created in 1886. According to reports the label contained hidden anti-Islamic phrases in the mirror image in Arabic. Worst hit by the rumors was Egypt. Sales in the Egypt market fell to 10 to 15 % since 2000. The rumor was so widespread that the grand mufti of Egypt said that the label does not show anything against the Muslims or Islam and he also stated that he himself haves a coca cola drink almost daily. In 2002 Mecca cola was launched in order to avoid the usage of American goods. Mecca cola was introduced by a French Tunisian as a substitute for coca cola.(Wikipedia,2010) Boycotts and Other Allegations In Support of the allegations against coca-cola, they faced numerous boycotts. From 2005 Over 23 American universities including NYU and University of Michigan banned the sale of coca cola products on their campus and this boycott still continues. Other universities in Canada and Britain are following the footsteps of the American universities by switching over to Pepsi in all their social functions. Not majorly for health reasons but in response to the bottling plant deaths. Coca cola still did not respond to these boycotts and continued refuse investigation into the bottling plant death case. A few other major boycotts that coca-cola faced were such as its products being banned from the 2006 Winter Olympics. In 2004 Its products were also boycotted by various trade unions in the EU, such as UNISON (the largest), ECSOY (European young socialists) and so on. From 1998 another major allegation faced by coca-cola was racial discrimination in America and Africa. Coca-cola was first accused of racial discrimination against the African-American in matters such unequal pay, representation in the company and even promotion within the company. To add to this in Africa Coca-cola was also charged of having a policy of Whites only management staff. To all this Coca-cola first denied all allegations but later on in 2000 they agreed to pay $192 million to settle their case in America. They also agreed to promote a fairness policy in all aspects of their business but in 2003, it was found that no such policy had been implemented. But later in 2004 they did and were forced to put up management practices and be one of the 10 most diverse companies. As mentioned above In 2005 the EU found Coca-cola for carrying out monopolistic acts such as having exclusive deals with Bars and restaurants to exclusively sell only Coca-cola products for which these places got a fixed amount of money every year and fringe benefits such as fridges to store these products. Coca-cola was then fined and had to end all such deals and act in a competitive manner. A similar case in America in 2000 was dropped against coca-cola. Coca Colas Response To address major allegations against Coca-cola which had yet to be solved such as the bottling plant deaths in Columbia or the Pesticide/Water use in India. Coca cola came up with a response by launching a website WWW.COKEFACTS.ORG . On this website Coca-Cola claimed that all allegations against them in Columbia were false and that they did not engage in such activities. They urged a further investigation into the matter by the Columbian Attorney General, a respected independent third party investigation and their own internal investigation and the Columbian Vice President.   None of the above found Coca-Cola guilty of any wrongdoing. They rather claimed the firm did more good for the country, its economy and its community by creating jobs, generating income and overall improving the standard of living. In regards to India, Coca-cola claims that an official study showed that they did not deplete the water level. They also accused the investigators of having an unreliable report on pesticide use, They claim that all their raw materials are tested before the final product being produced. Conclusion Therefore to conclude this report on ethical business culture and trade practices of Coca Cola, some basic elements that can be adopted by Coca Cola are like Develop worldwide code of ethics, by these we mean that the statement given by the companys business culture is not true and the company should come up with a proper solution to this problems and should not tolerate any human rights infractions in any of its plants, or by any of its subsidiaries. Consider ethical issues in strategic development, while making the strategic the company should consider ethical issue and develop its strategy according to it. Develop periodical ethical impact statements, when they are promoting any of its product they should make an ethical statement with it as it will help them to improve the companys image in the minds of consumer.

The Complex Character of Amanda in The Glass Menagerie Essay example --

The Complex Character of Amanda in The Glass Menagerie    Amanda Wingfield in The Glass Menagerie furnishes an excellent example of a carefully crafted, complex character whose speech and action arise from the "psychological" being created by the playwright. In his character description, Tennessee Williams starts his reader on the road to discovering Amanda's complexity. AMANDA WINGFIELD the mother. A little woman of great but confused vitality clinging frantically to another time and place. Her characterization must be carefully created, not copied from type. She is not paranoiac, but her life is paranoia. There is much to admire in Amanda, and as much to love and pity as there is to laugh at. Certainly she has endurance and a kind of heroism, and though her foolishness makes her unwittingly cruel at times, there is tenderness in her slight person. (Williams 781) â€Å"Before the first lines are spoken Amanda's complexity is established†(Falk 126) by the nuances and contrasts given here. This basic description must be laid over all dialogue and action throughout the play so as to preserve the fullness of Amanda's character at times when only portions of her nature are being exhibited.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The complexity of Amanda's character directly affects her action and dialogue with her children. In her role as mother she exhibits an overwhelming desire to see her children succeed in life. In trying to... ...ding Plays. Boston: Allyn, 1990. 307-314. Bigsby, C.W.E. A Critical Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Drama. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1984. Falk, Signi. "The Southern Gentlewoman." Modern Critical Interpretations Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie. ed. Harold Bloom. NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Jackson, Esther Merle. The Broken World of Tennessee Williams. Madison: & of Wisconsin P, 1965. Parker, R.B., ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Glass Menagerie. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1983. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. Masterpieces of the Drama. Ed. Alexander W. Allison, Arthus J. Carr, Arthur M. Eastman. 5th ed. NY: Macmillan, 1986. 779- 814.

Arthur Miller and his Distorted Historical Accuracies :: American America History

Arthur Miller and his Distorted Historical Accuracies In 1953, Arthur Miller wrote his famous play The Crucible, in response to a fear of Communism that had developed in the United States during that decade. The "Red Scare", as it was later called by historians was led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, whose paranoia of a communist takeover spread through the nation like a wildfire. Men and women alike fell victim to McCarthy's pointed finger and as a result of this hysteria, were mostly deported from the country, their careers and lives ruined. Some argue today that McCarthy's plan had been to use the fear of the American people to throw his enemies out of office and gain power himself. Whatever McCarthy's motives may have been, Arthur Miller realized the senator's ludicracy when he attempted to accuse the President himself to be Communist. Miller and the rest of the American people drew the line and McCarthy was seen a fraud. By the time the rest of the public had came to this realization, Miller's play was written. The Crucible is a play in which Arthur Miller parallels events of the Salem witch trials of 1692 to the problems that were plaguing his own society. The statement that most readers today bring out of the play is that history has a way of repeating itself. Miller's play was an extreme hit upon release and won a Tony award. The play is so popular today that many teachers in secondary schools use it to base their lesson around when teaching their students about 1692 Salem and there are multimedia activities based on Salem through The Crucible's view. Miller is often asked to speak at events where similar "witch hunts" occur, acting as a sort of expert on the subject of Puritan Salem and acts of hysteria. The question is, why is Arthur Miller revered by so many as "the man to ask" regarding the Salem Witch trials when his play had many inaccuracies, some very obvious? Miller's play is not a historical account of the events in 1692 Salem, but rather a work of fiction. It is important to realize that what Miller wrote is not fact by revealing where his play is historically flawed. Some of the more important discrepancies are discussed below: By examining Miller's main plot relationship between characters Abigail Williams and John Proctor, we uncover many discrepancies, mainly that there was no relationship at all.

Business in Nucor Essay -- essays research papers

Nucor Corporation - Structuring for Efficiency and Effectiveness Introduction Nucor achieved its position as one of the largest steel producers in the United States by carefully monitoring costs and paying attention to the needs of its markets. This strategy of providing its customers with a competitive product at competitive prices has brought success and growth to Nucor, in sales, income, and stock price. Recently, however, the control of the organization has been brought into question. The recent announcement of a joint venture between Nucor and U.S. Steel to develop, test, and bring on line a new method for turning iron ore into steel added to the concern over the ability of company management to maintain the entrepreneurial spirit for which the company is famous. Background Nucor is the second largest steel producer (2nd in assets, 1st in profits) in the United States. Its profits of $123 million have made it one of the most efficient firms in the steel industry. Nucor achieved that position by focusing on the manufacturing segment known as mini-mills - the relatively small, electrically-powered mills that melt down scrap steel to manufacture products. This process saves on costly labor, raw materials, and the capital-intensive machinery necessary to produce steel from iron ore. A major concern of mini-mill steel manufacturers is maintaining quality, since their raw material consists of scrap steel of varying quality, containing a variety of alloys and impurities. Another concern it the recent rising price of scrap steel. Nucor started out by manufacturing steel for the beams and posts produced in company-owned structural steel manufacturing plants and then expanded by selling its low-cost steel to other firms. Outside customers gradually became the primary outlet for sales by the mini-mills. Nucor was able to expand sales from the mini-mills by keeping costs below its competitors, both in the United States and abroad. Nucor has consistently sought ways to lower costs while broadening markets. During the latter part of the 1980s, much of the company's efforts were placed on developing technology for manufacturing sheet - flat-rolled steel of the type used by automotive and appliance manufacturers - which had traditionally been the sole domain of the big steel companies and foreign competitors. Ken Iverson, former CEO of Nucor, risked several hundr... ...at the joint venture with U.S. Steel would hinder the quick decision making typical at Nucor. Iverson had gambled by committing to the first phase of the new process on his own, without first testing the process in a pilot plant on a small scale. The next stage was to complete the new process with a plant in the United States, relying on the high level of research and development skills at U.S. Steel and the ability of Nucor to pioneer new methods. Analysts wondered whether Nucor could coexist with U.S. Steel, with its large, hierarchical structure and strong union. This challenge was especially important since the new venture was felt to be the focal point for the continued growth of Nucor. In the late 1990s, Iverson was fired by the Board of Directors of Nucor. His successor, John Correnti, who along with Iverson were the two major proponents of the mini-mill concept, was ushered out soon afterwards. Daniel R. DiMicco is the new President and CEO, but with years of experience at Nucor, the vision may or may not change. Will the new management attempt to rein in the general managers of the various operating entities of Nucor - a situation neither Iverson nor Correnti supported?

Fluid Mechanics Lab

EN 1029 Laboratory Laboratory FM Declaration: In submitting this report, I hereby declare that, except where I have made clear and full reference to the work of others, this submission, and all the material (e. g. text, pictures, diagrams) contained in it, is my own work, has not previously been submitted for assessment, and I have not knowingly allowed it to be copied by another student. In the case of group projects, the contribution of group members has been appropriately quantified. I understand that deceiving, or attempting to deceive, examiners by passing off the work of another as my own is plagiarism.I also understand that plagiarising another's work, or knowingly allowing another student to plagiarise from my work, is against University Regulations and that doing so will result in loss of marks and disciplinary proceedings. I understand and agree that the University’s plagiarism software ‘Turnitin’ may be used to check the originality of the submitted cou rsework. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Theory 2. 1 Impact of a Water Jet 2. 2 Flow Through a Venturi Meter 3. Experimental procedures and results 3. 1 Experimental procedure – Impact of a Water Jet 3. Experimental procedure – Flow through a Venturi Meter 3. 3 Results– Impact of a Water Jet 3. 4 Results– Flow through a Venturi meter 4. Discussion 4. 1 Impact of a water jet 4. 2 Venturi meter 5. Conclusion 6. References Appendices Abstract Rate of flow was measured in two different experiments, Impact of a water jet and flow through a Venturi meter. The main objective was to calculate the change in momentum and energy loss in flow which was put under pressure. The experiment showed that results obtained can significantly defer from the theory if energy losses are not neglected. 1.Introduction Water is the most commonly used resource of renewable energy. In 21st century, hydropower is used in more than 150 countries around the world. It is also the most effici ent method of producing energy with 90% efficiency output. Impact of a Water Jet is used to show how mechanical work can be created from water flow. When a fluid is put under pressure, the pressure gives it high velocity in a jet. Jet strikes the vanes of the turbine wheel. This wheel then rotates under the impulse created by the water jet hitting the vanes. Venturi meter is used to measure discharge along a pipe.In this experiment, when pressure is dropped, there is an increase in velocity. Pressure magnitude is dependent on rate of flow, so by measuring the pressure drop, discharge can be calculated. Main objective of both experiments is to calculate rate of flow under pressure. 2. Theory 2. 1 Impact of a Water Jet From impulse-momentum change equation it can be assumed that force is generated due to the change in momentum of the water. In other words, force equals the difference between the initial and final momentum flow. Arrangement of jet impact apparatus used is given in Figu re 1 Figure 1Jet impinging on a vane is shown in Figure 2. Control volume V is used, bounded by a control surface S. The entering velocity is u1 (m/s) and it’s in the x –direction. The vane deflects water jet and the leaving velocity is u2 inclined at an angle ? 2 to the x – direction. Pressure over the surface of the jet, apart from the part where it flows over the surface of the vane is atmospheric. The change in direction is due to force generated by pressure and shear stress at the vane’s surface. The mass flow rate is . Mass flow rate is the mass of substance which passes through a given surface per unit time [kg/s].Experiment was done for flat and hemispherical vane. Figure 2 Force on the het in the direction x is FJ (N), then momentum equation in the s- direction is FJ =(u2 cos ? 2 – u1) (1) From Newton's Action- Reaction law, force F on the vane is equal and opposite to Fj F =(u1 – u2 cos ? 2 ) (2) For flat plate ? 2 = 90Â ° so cos ? 2 = 0. Therefore F =u1 (3) For the hemispherical cup, it’s assumed that ? 2 = 180Â ° so cos ? 2 = -1,so F =( u1 + u2 )(4) The effect of change of elevation on jet speed and the loss of speed due to friction over the surface of the vane is neglected.Therefore u1 = u2. So, F=2u1(5) If resistance forces are neglected, this is the maximum possible value of force on the hemispherical cup. Rate at which momentum enters the control volume, or rate of flow of momentum in the jet, is detonated by symbol J. J =u1(6) For the flat plate rate of flow of momentum in the jet is equal to the force on the vane. This is shown in equation (3). F=J(7) For the hemispherical cup, maximum possible value of the force is from equation (5) F=2J (8) If the velocity of the jet is uniform over it’s cross section it can be concluded that =? 1A (9) 2. 2 Flow Through a Venturi Meter Piezometer tubes were bored into a wall and links were made from a each of these to perpendicular manometer tubes, w hich were placed in front of a millimetre scale. Venturi meter is shown in Figure 3 Figure 3 It’s assumed that the fluid used is frictionless and incompressible, fluid flow is steady, and energy equation was derived along a stream line. Bernoulli’s theorem states that u122g+ h1 = u222g+ h2 = un22g+ hn (10) From continuity equation Q=U1A1=U2A2=UnAn(11) here Q is discharge rate( m3/s), and A is cross-sectional area of the pipe(m2) substituting for u1 gives u222ga2a12+ h1 = u222g+h2 (12) Solving equation (3) for u2 gives u2 =2g(h1-h2)1-a2a12 (13) From equation (4) Q=a22g(h1-h2)1-a2a12 (14) In previous equation it was assumed there was no energy loss in the flow and the velocity was constant. In reality, there is some energy loss and velocity is not uniform. Equation (5) is therefore corrected to Q=Ca22g(h1-h2)1-a2a12(15) Where C is the coefficient of the meter.Its value usually lies in within range 0. 92 to 0. 99. Ideal pressure distribution is given in equation (7) hn-h1 u222g=a2a12-a2an2 (16) 3. Experimental procedures and results 3. 1 Experimental procedure – Impact of a Water Jet The apparatus shown in Figure 1 was levelled and lever was balanced, with jockey weight at zero setting. Weight of the jockey was measured. Diameter of the nozzle, height of the vane above the nozzle and the distance from the pivot of the lever to the centre of the vane were recorder. Water was then released through the supply valve and flow rate increased to maximum.The force on the vane displaces the lever, which is then restored to its balanced position by sliding the jockey weight along the lever. The mass flow rate can be established by gathering of water over a timed interval. Additional readings are then taken at number of reducing flow rates. The most efficient way of reducing flow is to place jockey weight precisely at desired position, and then adjust the flow control valve to bring the lever to the balanced position. Range of settings of the jockey posi tion may be separated efficiently into uniform steps. 3. Experimental procedure – Flow through a Venturi Meter The objective of this experiment is to establish the coefficient of the meter C. Bench vale and control vale should be open so water can flow to clear air pockets from the supply system. The control valve is then progressively closed, so the meter is exposed to a steadily increasing pressure. This will cause water to pass up the tubes. When water levels have risen to a suitable height, the bench valve is slowly closed, so that, as both valves are lastly shut of, the meter is left holding static water under adequate pressure.Amounts were then recorded for values of (h1 –h2) and discharge value Q is recorded. The rate of flow is measured by gathering of water in weighing tank, whilst values of h1 and h2 were read from the scale. Similar readings may be taken at a sequence of reducing values of h1 –h2. About 6 readings, proportionately spread in the range of 250 mm to zero. By reading off from all the tubes at any of the settings used, the pressure distribution along the length of the Venturi meter may be logged. 3. 3 Results– Impact of a Water Jet Two sets of readings were taken, one for the flat plate other for the hemispherical plate.Table 1 contains readings for the flat plate and Table 2 results for the hemispherical plate. These tables can be found in Appendix 2. Mass flow is calculated by dividing the Quantity (kg) by Time (s) taken to collect water. Quantity should be converted to m3 where 1 kg water will be 1/1000 m3. e. g. If quantity is 30 kg, time taken is 52. 69 s, mass flow is 0. 569 103 x Q. Using the equation (9), u1 can be calculated. From uo2 = u12 – 2gs , uo can be deduced. For flat plate J can be calculated using equation (6). F is calculated from F X 150 = W x yData from Table 1 and 2 are plotted on a graph to give a comparison between forces and rate of momentum flow of the impact. Graph is present ed in Figure 4. Additional information are given in Apendex 2 Figure 4 (Series 1-flat plate, Series 2- hemispherical plate) 3. 4 Results– Flow through a Venturi meter Two sets of data were compared. Values shown in Table 4 are measurements of h1 and h2 at different discharges. In this part of the experiment C is assumed to be constant over a range of measurement. Closer inspection of Table 4 shows C is not constant as Q varies.Piezometer measurements are recorded in Table 5 and compared with ideal pressure distribution given In Table 3. Figure 5 Graph shown in Figure 5 gives variation of (h1 -h2)1/2 With Q. Equation of the graph line is y= 0. 581 x h1-h2=0. 581 x Qx 103 Q =5. 81 x 10-4h1-h2 (16) Substitute (16) in equation (15) to get a value of C. C= 0. 604 Figure 6 shows both ideal and set of results obtained in the experiment. Series 1 shows ideal pressure distribution, and series2 shows obtained results. Figure 6 4. Discussion 4. 1 Impact of a water jet Theory compares we ll with the experiment considering that the two lines have different gradients.In theory, gradients of lines are significantly steeper, and this might be because an error in the experiment occurred. Likely errors that might have occurred are measurements of mass of jockey weight; distance L from centre of vane to pivot of lever or diameter of water jet emerging from nozzle. If Mass of jockey was wrongly logged by 0. 001kg, Force on the vane would have 2% error. The graph that was obtained shows force on the hemisphere us less than twice the flat plate. This can be concluded from the line gradient. This implication is supported by the theory.In theory, no friction losses or any other kind of energy losses were included in equations. In the actual experiment, there were some energy losses like friction over the surface of the vane and effect of change of elevation on jet speed. It was assumed that velocity of the jet was uniform over its cross section, which would imply ideal flow. It ’s likely that this was not the case, and momentum gained by the change in velocity. 4. 2 Venturi meter Value of C determined in table A is higher than it theoretically should be. This is probably due errors that occurred in the experiment, like parallax rror. Air in pipes could have also caused an error in the experiment. Value of C obtained from Figure 5 gives a more realistic value of 0. 604. The difference between the ideal pressure results and values recorded in the experiment is acceptable considering the coefficient of the meter C that is not included in ideal pressure distribution. Flow of 1x 10-3 m3/s is expected to lie on a negative hn-h1u222g value. 5. Conclusion From both experiments it can be concluded that the flow was not ideal and there were significant energy losses that differ obtained results from theoretical results.In the impact of a water jet experiment it was proven that force on a flat plate is less than the force on the hemispherical plate. Therefore change in momentum flow was smaller. In the Venturi meter experiment it was shown that ideal pressure distribution differs from obtained results because energy losses effect the results. The errors in both experiments can affect the results significantly an lead to wrong assumptions. References Fluid Mechanics, Third Edition? JF Douglas, JM Gasiorek, JA Swafield? Longman Mechanics of Fluids? BS Massey, Van Nostrant Reinhold? Chapman & HallAppendix 1-Nomenclature Symbol| Quantity| SI units| F| Force| N| J| Rate of flow of momentum| N| u| velocity| m/s| | Mass flow rate| Kg/s| D| Diameter| m| h| height| m| A| Cross-section area| m2| ?| Angle of elevation| degrees| ?| density| Kg/m3| Appendix 2-Raw data Impact of a water jet Diameter of nozzleD= 10. 0 mm Cross sectional area of nozzle A =? D24=7. 85 x 10-5 m2 Height of vane above nozzle tips= 35 mm = 0. 035 m Distance from centre of vane to pivot of leverL= 150 mm Mass of jockey weightM= 0. 600 kg Weight of jockey weightW =Mg = 0. 600 x9. 81 =5. 89 NQuantity (kg)| T(s)| y(mm)| 103 x Q(m3/s)| U1(m/s)| U0(m/s)| J(N)| F(N)| 30| 52. 69| 65| 0. 569| 7. 25| 7. 20| 4. 13| 2. 55| 30| 57. 81| 55| 0. 519| 6. 61| 6. 56| 3. 43| 2. 16| 30| 61. 28| 45| 0. 490| 6. 24| 6. 18| 3. 06| 1. 77| 15| 22. 76| 35| 0. 659| 8. 40| 8. 36| 5. 54| 1. 37| 15| 28. 12| 25| 0. 533| 6. 80| 6. 75| 3. 62| 0. 98| 15| 37. 09| 15| 0. 404| 5. 15| 5. 08| 2. 08| 0. 59| 15| 75. 09| 5| 0. 200| 2. 54| 2. 40| 0. 51| 0. 196| Table 1 Quantity(kg)| T(s)| y(mm)| 103 x Q(m3/s)| U1(m/s)| U0(m/s)| J(N)| F(N)| 30| 52. 87| 120| 0. 567| 7. 23| 7. 18| 8. 24| 4. 71| 30| 56. 8| 105| 0. 527| 6. 72| 6. 67| 7. 08| 4. 12| 30| 60. 78| 90| 0. 494| 6. 29| 6. 24| 6. 21| 3. 53| 15| 21. 75| 75| 0. 690| 8. 79| 875| 6. 07| 2. 94| 15| 24. 60| 60| 0. 610| 7. 77| 7. 73| 9. 48| 2. 35| 15| 28. 32| 45| 0. 530| 6. 75| 6. 70| 7. 16| 1. 77| 15| 37. 32| 30| 0. 402| 5. 12| 5. 05| 4. 12| 1. 18| Table 2 Venturi Meter Piezometer Tube No. N| Diameter of cross-section(mm)| Areaa(m2)| | | | A(1)BCD(2 )EFGHJKL| 26. 0023. 2018. 4016. 0016. 8018. 4720. 1621. 8423. 5325. 2426. 00| 0. 0005310. 0004230. 0002660. 0002010. 0002220. 0002680. 0003190. 0003750. 0004350. 00050. 000531| 0. 150. 6900. 8701. 0000. 9520. 8660. 7940. 7330. 6800. 6340. 615| 0. 1430. 2260. 5721. 0000. 8230. 5630. 3970. 2880. 2140. 1610. 143| 0. 000-0. 083-0. 428-0. 857-0. 679-0. 420-0. 253-0. 145-0. 070-0. 0180. 000| Table 3 Quantity (kg)| T(s)| h1(mm)| h2(mm)| 103 x Q(m3/s)| (h1- h2)(mm)| (h1 -h2)1/2(mm)1/2| C| 12| 17. 67| 346| 20| 0. 679| 0. 326| 0. 571| 1. 236| 12| 17. 53| 346| 20| 0. 685| 0. 326| 0. 571| 1. 248| 12| 17. 60| 346| 20| 0. 682| 0. 326| 0. 571| 1. 242| 12| 20. 69| 330| 84| 0. 580| 0. 246| 0. 496| 1. 216| 12| 18. 40| 330| 84| 0. 652| 0. 246| 0. 496| 1. 367| 12| 19. 5| 330| 85| 0. 616| 0. 246| 0. 496| 1. 212| 12| 21. 36| 324| 114| 0. 562| 0. 210| 0. 458| 1. 275| 12| 20. 90| 324| 114| 0. 574| 0. 210| 0. 458| 1. 303| 12| 21. 13| 324| 114| 0. 568| 0. 210| 0. 458| 1. 289| 12| 20. 00| 336| 58| 0. 600| 0. 278| 0. 527| 1. 183| 12| 18. 31| 336| 58| 0. 655| 0. 278| 0. 527| 1. 292| 12| 19. 16| 336| 58| 0. 628| 0. 278| 0. 527| 1. 239| 6| 12. 23| 310| 176| 0. 491| 0. 134| 0. 366| 1. 395| 6| 12. 32| 310| 176| 0. 487| 0. 134| 0. 366| 1. 342| 6| 12. 28| 310| 176| 0. 489| 0. 134| 0. 366| 1. 389| 6| 17. 11| 298| 224| 0. 351| 0. 074| 0. 272| 1. 342| 6| 18. 5| 298| 224| 0. 317| 0. 074| 0. 272| 1. 212| 6| 18. 03| 298| 224| 0. 334| 0. 074| 0. 272| 1. 277| 6| 0| 296| 296| 0| 0| 0| 0| 6| 0| 296| 296| 0| 0| 0| 0| 6| 0| 296| 296| 0| 0| 0| 0| Table 4 Piezometer Tube No. | Q=0. 682 x 10-3u222g – 0. 587 m| | hn(mm)| hn – h1(m)| hn-h1u222g| A(1)| 346| 0. 000| 0| B| 328| -0. 018| -0. 0307| C| 202| -0. 144| -0. 245| D(2)| 20| -0. 326| -0. 555| E| 52| -0. 294| -0. 501| F| 142| -0. 204| -0. 348| G| 190| -0. 156| -0. 266| H| 224| -0. 122| -0. 208| J| 246| -0. 100| -0. 170| K| 264| -0. 082| -0. 140| L| 268| -0. 078| -0. 133| Table 5 Appendix C

Life Is a Race Essay

Family as a Primary Group Social Problems Garelick August 2010 Family plays an important role in the life of every person and society as a whole. It is no surprise that at every new stage of development in our society, with every revaluation of values, the interest in the issues of family, morality and spirituality spikes. At the present time, in the complicated environments through which we weave our lives, the family remains a unique mediator between the interests of the individual and society and is in the epicenter of a major social upheaval. The transition to current market relations and with them the related apathy, and with the mpoverishment of the general population drastically came the turnaround in the view affecting the well-being of our families and their stability and potential for proper upbringing of the young. These, along with many other social instabilities, have led to a crisis of family values. The consequences of this crisis are bifurcations between the generations, the prevalence of reduced lifetime fertility and the growing number of single parents in the United States. If marriage, parenthood and kinship are what constitute family relations, at the present time we are witnessing a decay of this little tiny trinity. The problem is complicated by the fact that at present time, the institution of marriage is going through a transitional period. There is a certain destruction of the old traditional values of marriage, and the new have yet to be formed. Marriage and family are increasingly becoming more about individuals and their need for intimate satisfaction and informal communication, and less about structure and support of one another. Let us pinpoint and define Just where the family lays its essence within the complicated world of social institutions and in which groups, as defined by our text. In a broad sense, the concept of a social group is any social association of people, anything from peer groups to a population of a particular country. In sociology, this concept is used in a narrower sense as â€Å"any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis† (Schaefer, 2009, p. 107). In general, members of a society feel like they belong to a group, and are also perceived by others as members of said group. To analyze the social structure of a society there must be items explored that ppear in all elementary parts of the given society, which incorporate all of the social perspectives. For this, I have chosen what is generally accepted to be the â€Å"primary group† (Schaefer, 2009, p. 110). The most successful definition, and essentially creation of the term, was created by â€Å"Charles Horton Cooley’ who â€Å"coined the term†¦ o refer to a small group characterized by intimate, tace-to-tace association and cooperation† (Scnaeter, 2 p. 110). In other words, primary groups are those in which individuals have personal interaction with one another. For example, classmates can be members of a primary roup, and the rest of the student body would then be members of a secondary group. From a social perspective of a â€Å"functionalist† for the normal operation of the human society we must consolidate certain types of social relations so that they become mandatory for members of a particular social group (Schaefer, 2009, p. 4). This primarily refers to those social relations in which, in order to obtain entry, members of a certain group must satisfy the most vital requirements needed for the successful functioning of the given group as an integrated social unit. For example, or the production of material comforts, people tend to perpetuate and secure a level of financial cushioning; this is also done for the upbringing of children, for unstrained family relationships, as well as for education and training for everyone involved. A symbolic â€Å"interactionist† would view the family process as a consolidation of social relations and a way to establish a system of roles and statuses, prescribing certain rules of conduct in a â€Å"social network,† and in defining a system of sanctions in case of a default by any of the individuals in the process of living out and following he given rules of conduct (Schaefer, 2009, p. 16/111). Social roles, statuses and sanctions are implemented in the form of social institutions that define sustainable patterns of behavior, ideas and incentives. Social institutions â€Å"are organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs, such as replacing personnel† in the family setting (Schaefer, 2009, p. 113). Social institutions dictate how ideas and goals are perceived and defined by the system of standard social values, such as patterns of public behavior and the complicated systems of various social ties, i. e. he sets of roles and statuses through which a range of behavior is carried out and kept within certain limits. So, within the concepts of â€Å"social institution† and â€Å"social group† there is a significant internal difference. While the social group, whether primary or secondary, is a collection of interacting individuals, the social institution is a system of social relationships and social norms that exist in a particular area of human activity. However, it should be noted that these concepts are inseparable from each other, because a social institution is a set of relationships and systems of behavior, and is etermined ultimately by the needs of people. In other words, although the social institution creates social relationships and norms, there are people for whom these relationships are linked and carried out; the family is the perfect example of a social group that puts the rules in to practice. People organize themselves into different groups using institutional rules. Each institution includes many social groups that provide the overall institutional behavior. Consequently, institutions and social groups are interrelated, and it would be completely meaningless to separate these otions and study them separately. So, based on the foregoing, I conclude that the family is a social phenomenon that combines the features of a social institution and a primary group. The idea of the modern family arises from the desire to satisfy purely personal needs and interests ot individuals. According to structure-tunctionalists, â€Å"tn patterns of reciprocal obligations among people and between structures of people and the greater society define family. The greater society has needs that must be met; in order to meet those needs, society creates subsets of people structured to elp meet the needs of society. The family is one of those structures. The definition of â€Å"family† changes as the needs of the greater society change. When the greater society needs rapid population growth † after a time of war, for example † society’s definition of family emphasizes heterosexual bonding, procreation and child rearing; but when the greater society is faced with over-population and the need to limit population growth, society’s definition of family may be modified to include homosexual bonding and may be more supportive of childless couples† (Diem, 1997, As a primary group, the family connects the personal needs of the public interest, adapting to social relations, norms, and values that are accepted in our society. In other words, the family’s personal needs are sorted and organized on the basis of accepted societal values, norms and behavior patterns and, eventually, acquire the character of the social functions such as the regulation of sex, procreation, socialization, emotional satisfaction, status, safety, and economic security. From what I have gathered, the definition of family from a conflict perspective has een a highly discouraged and slightly controversial subject since family â€Å"is considered a sacred institution. As a result, support for research on conflict in the family has been discouraged† (Werner-Wilson, 1993, p. 6). And it would seem that a social institution of such prominence would not have a dark side from which can leap and bound toward freedom suppressed minorities. But for the sake of this essay, let us assume that if Karl Marx were to look at the institution of marriage, he would wave his well bearded nugget side to side disapprovingly. The idea of a traditional family as roots in male supremacy, and suppression of women’s rights. If only Karl Marx was not a man of the nineteenth century, but lived in present time. The ideal family includes: 1) a set of social values (love, for children), 2) public procedure (for the care of children, family rights and obligations), and 3) interlacing of roles and statuses (status and role of husband, wife, child, teenager, mother-in- law, brothers, etc. ), with the aid of which the family exists. Thus, the institution of family is a collection of certain bonds, rules and roles, which in practice are manifested into the activities of this individual primary group. We all know how great the importance of family is in everyday life, society and even in the political arena. After all, it is the family of each person that provides them with an inexhaustible source of love, devotion and support. The family lays foundation for morality, spirituality and tolerance. And it is the family that is recognized as the major reason for why cultural beliefs survive, are inherited and passed from generation to generation. It is a prerequisite for socialization and the lifelong study of social roles, basic education, skills, and behavior. A healthy, strong family is the basis of stability and prosperity of any society. The family is the foundation of all social institutions vis- ¤-vis the development of the family is ultimately the progress of society as a whole. But the world does not stand still, in its ever-changing atmosphere social institutions take on new meanings and the ideas ot marriage and tamily change witn the times. Marriage has ceased to be life-long and is losing its legitimacy: divorce, single parent families, broken hearts and bank accounts used to be exceptions, and are now becoming the norm. The vast majority of professionals such as philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, economists, and students of the modern school of thought, all agree that the family is going through a real crisis. The strength of family is being tested under the weight of total catastrophic failure that our society is facing; the deep nature of which is characterized by our flailing civilization. As a primary element of society, it gives a miniature image of the same contradictions that are inherent in our cultures. One of the most remarkable properties of the family is its flexible and dynamic orm of structural organization. Thanks to the universal ability to adapt to the peculiarities of the ever-changing world, the family has developed an enormous variety of types of family structures, sometimes adapting itself beyond recognition, but while keeping unchanged its essence as a social institution and a primary group. In addition, the family is created to meet any number and range of essential human needs. The family, therefore, in contrast to other social groups defines the very meaning of integrity and adaptability. Because of its multifunctional ability to ameliorate the physiological and sychological human needs, and its inclination toward self-organization and self- development the idea of family is able to combine all personal, collective and public interests into one little amiable ball with a gigantic potential for explosive cataclysm. The world is not static, it changes, and with it change its social institutions, and thus the family. Clearly, the family today, like society in general, is in deep cow dung. The strength of the family, its charm and vitality lie in the integrity that is inherent in the family idea and in the definition of the primary social group and social nstitution. The present era in which we have had this great pleasure of existing is different from any other in recorded history. Todays complex economic and social situations require a modern approach, which can often cause stress and depression, which have already become integral parts of our existence. Today is the time when the need is particularly great in having a safe retreat, a place of spiritual comfort. This safe retreat can be our family, its stability and strength can be built to withstand the widespread variability of the painful world. The family is something worth elebrating, and in celebrating ourselves we can go on further to build everything else that will try to destroy it.