The Sudden Blow

Her head was pounding from the sudden blow. Blood was running down the side her face as she began to remember. He had tormented her, degraded her feelings, and took away her financial stability. She felt forever trapped as she was the only one to witness such vile acts. â€Å"There is no one here to see this. There is no one here to save me from what happens inside these walls† she whispered, voice cracking. Victims like this must go through the injustice of not being able to feel safe in their own home or even their own skin. Whether it be inflicting harm for the victim through physical abuse, toying with their emotions through emotional abuse, or financially controlling them through financial abuse, abusers find ways for many women to suffer from domestic abuse in their daily lives. Physical abuse is one of the many aspects of domestic abuse. This type of abuse is most known as it can be seen with one's own eyes. However, physical abuse doesn't always have to happen on the victim. In many cases, physical abuse can happen somewhere near the victim. It shows that â€Å"When a partner is violent near or around you, doing things like punching a hole in the wall, the message is ‘Next time this could be your head'† (Carlson 146). Numerous amounts of people will brush off the incident and believe that it will not mean anything in the future but this sort of act can escalate quickly and leave the victim in shambles. If this message is given, the abuser is releasing their anger on an object physically and it will not be long before the abuser directs their anger on their victim – the one who caused their distress. Once they direct their anger on the victim, it can lead to extreme violence that the victim is not capable of keeping under control. Sam is a victim who had been physically abused herself. She speaks out about one of the stories of her journey with physical abuse:I was at home and I cooked his dinner†¦he came home when the food was on the table. He was like ‘Oh, it's too cold,' so I put it in the microwave and warmed it up. I gave it to him and he said it was too hot†¦and you start to get this worried feeling like ‘It's going to happen. He's going to hurt me.' He threw the plate and smashed it against my head and he started beating me up and kicking me on the floor and punching. (Sam?)This is an example of severe physical abuse. Here, the abuser takes a typical, simple misunderstanding and exaggerates it until it reaches its full capacity. In most cases, those who are in healthy relationships would be able to work this out without it becoming physical. The victim shows that she has the constant worry of not wanting to go against the abuser's needs. Thus, they are always tip toeing around the abuser and the second they do something even the slightest bit wrong, it becomes another heated fight. This instance is just one glimpse of what a day in the life of a physically abused partner must go through. There are always other cases. Some outcomes of physical abuse could even be fatal. This is one of the more extreme cases of physical abuse. It should be known that â€Å"One woman is fatally shot by a spouse, ex-spouse, or dating partner every 14 hours† (â€Å"NCADV†). Many do not understand the significance of homicide in physical abuse and do not link this importance to the fact that it still happens. This statistic shows that those who are in domestic abuse relationships are at a very high risk of being killed by their significant other.

Nervous Wedding Day

As the bright yellow-red sun settled along the seashore, the tan soft sand blew on my red like tomato face. I wondered if this uncomfortable scenery was going to be the same as for my angelic wedding in just two days. In just two days, I was marrying the love of my life and I couldn't be more nervous than a shaking and terrified pig at a slaughter house. The day came and this terrible humid weather made me sick, but when I saw my handsome soon to be husband with his glimmering eyes stare at my silky embroider dress, I melted like a popsicle during summer.My experience of this day was memorable because of the horrible weather, my panic attacks, and the fascinating union of my husband and I. All I could think about was how my sparkling makeup looked after the sweat drops that rolled throughout my skin. I kept asking myself why I let my husband choose the venue! The blue water looked as brilliant as the sunshine hit on it, causing such a humid weather. I thought to myself, â€Å"Are my guests going through this too? † I prayed that they wouldn’t be able to notice the nasty drops roaming on their face.As I was getting walked through the isle, all I could see were tiny like ants sweating gallons of drops. It couldn’t be possible, my family and friends were not too pleased. For a minute I felt like running away because of the embarrassment I felt towards my guests and their discomfort. Time was going as slow as the rain clouds reaching the dessert. Finally, the ceremony was over; it seemed like an eternity. Now it was time to jump and party! The humidity was long gone, the beautiful moon shone over my guests. Everything was too good to be true.We greeted the invites with a wide smile from ear to ear and a hug as tight as a corset. Our friends and family started getting served, until a horrible torment of wind came in. â€Å"Oh no! †, I shouted, first the humidity and now sand. My wedding was supposed to be as amazing and magical as a Disne y movie. I started with my horrible panic attacks. I lacked breath like a fish out of the sea, gasping for air. I saw my husband running as fast as a flash towards me, holding me and blowing air to my face with a paper fan. Slowly I recuperated from this horrible attack.I was relieved when I heard the manager from the venue say he was prepared for unexpected weather with his indoor ballroom. I felt like back in high school when the professor cancels a test you didn’t study for. Now that we were inside, nothing could go wrong! After all the troubles, my husband and I enjoyed the juicy chicken bathed in a special sauce, the eight stair white cake and the non-stop dancing of our wedding. I had forgotten the true meaning of this day because the conflicts we encountered. I had not realized that this was the day I married my highs school sweetheart.This was the day my heart, my soul, and all of me were unified to my other half. With the simple thought that I was going to spend the rest of my life with my husband, it made my heart pound so strong that I could hear it rumble in my ears. I felt a warm tingly sensation inside of me seeing myself reflected in the mirror with my long-tailed dress. My feelings moment before my wedding were immensely beautiful, feelings I had never experienced before. So many things went wrong on this day but as long as I went through them with my husband, it should be as easy as the breeze that blew at my wedding.My wedding day experience can be described as memorable. It was such a memorable day because of the horrible weather, my panic attacks, and the wonderful union of my husband and me. The horrible weather made me worried that the guests were as uncomfortable as a fat lady with a dress that doesn’t fit. My panic attacks wore me out just like the feeling after a three hour workout at the gym. This day was hectic and made me nervous, but knowing I had my husband next to me, made everything worth it. I wouldn’t chan ge this memorable day for anything†¦maybe just a better venue!

Sodastream Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sodastream - Case Study Example The key strategic issue facing SodaStream involves its North American market. The organization has to find a way of increasing its market share in the United States. Although the American market has a $40 billion home consumption market, the organization had only achieved $7 million in sales in 2008 (Subramanian 7). In order to penetrate the American market, it needs to fight established brands such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi. In addition, it must build an emotional connection with the American consumers. Achieving this would be a challenge because Americans have a significantly lower interest in the environment than the European consumers do. SodaStream believes that the fact that it does not use cans or bottles makes it more environmentally friendly than its competitors. The strategy would face a challenge in the American market since people love buying canned and bottled soda. Furthermore, it has to generate $1 billion in revenue by 2016 in an economy where its competitors are experie ncing sharp declines in revenue growth (8). The demand for Soda has been falling consistently over the past five years (IBIS). Consequently, growing its operation in the United States will be a significant challenge. SodaStream can address the key strategic issue by adopting one of the following strategies. Firstly, it needs to launch an aggressive marketing campaign. Although environmental awareness in the United States is low, an increasing segment of the population would be loyal to a brand that helps to make the world cleaner. In addition, it should leverage the close ties between America and Israel to connect with Americans. The two countries share a rich history. Secondly, it can commence an aggressive campaign against Coca-Cola. The strategy will give the company visibility. American culture celebrates the underdog and the company could benefit from this strategy. Third, the brand can focus on the home market. The marketing campaign

Field trip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Field trip - Essay Example A stripper is a person who strips; it is sometimes termed as an occupation, which involves taking ones clothes off with an aim of sexual stimulation of others. A higher percentage of strippers are women/ladies. Body is the only thing that a stripper considers as an asset. Her emotions and mind are not as important as her body (Scott, 2003). There was dancing involved; with the dancers revealing their private parts in a seductive manner. Those in participation were the strippers themselves (men and women) and executive clients, who were mostly men. I would tell the executive clients by the type of cars parked outside the club and presence of bodyguards. Before the visit, my impression about strippers was sexual immoral acts. I changed my perception after interrogating some participants. Most of them do this to earn a living, pay their bills and go to school, and no one forces these men and women to do what they do. Most of those I interacted with had no problem with showing their private parts in exchange for money. My perception on strippers really changed after the trip. Previously I viewed them as prostitutes and despised what they did; I never really understood why they did such acts. The trip made me realize that these people are just like anybody else and what they do is just like any other job. I do not think it is erroneous for single men to go to strip clubs provided this does not become a habit, and it is not done when they already have a soul mate or kids. The trip changed my belief on sexuality. I came to see that I was wrong, not every stripper is too focused on sexual activity, and they do not think it is more important than it really is. They just see taking their clothes off as a job to get their daily bread. Not all people in the society may approve activities in a strip club. Some of those who may disapprove this include married couples, Religious leaders, and parents among others. These individuals disapprove strip clubs as they find

Management Info Systems Project wk6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management Info Systems Project wk6 - Essay Example The practice of e-commerce increases with increasing demand of goods in the online platforms, necessitating the integration of the supply chain management a process that poses challenges in the contemporary business world. Geunes researches on the application of supply chain and e-commerce in an organization. The book provides answers to the research questions in the project because it expounds on the benefits of integrating e-commerce and supply chain management as well as the paybacks that result from its integration. Navid’s article covers the roles of e-commerce in the supply chain management as a means of minimizing cost. The article presents details about the e-commerce process and research literature as well as a description of the requirements and necessities in the contemporary competitive world. It will be useful in understanding the relevance of e-commerce in supply chain management. Rekha explores further the impacts of e-commerce on supply chain management. He has highlighted and provided insightful thoughts that will greatly assist in the final project. Therefore, journal article will help in the achievement of objectives in the project as it reveals the major impact of e-commerce on supply

There are 3 parts in this assessment and i decided to write about Essay

There are 3 parts in this assessment and i decided to write about topshop this brand. The titles are in the assessment brief and pleas use them as the title for each part of the assessment - Essay Example While some retailers in the competitive environment have lead times in the weeks or even months, Zara has managed to be able to procure their products and have them manufactured and delivered within 15 days when demand requires it. This is unprecedented on this competitive environment, giving Zara much competitive advantage in areas of supply chain, manufacturing, and stock replenishment. In terms of the supply chain, Zara is consistently benchmarked for their efficient supply chain process as no other retailer across the globe has been able to achieve a more workable supply chain which can promise merchandise to be delivered twice daily with new fashions and new stock. The macro environment, in relation to supply chain, supports the ability for Zara to produce fast fashion merchandise and still maintain control over how the business is able to develop new merchandise fashions. There is a well-developed business infrastructure in terms of distribution and the availability of manufacturers of various textiles and fabrics to give Zara a considerable amount of diversity in product line and fashion variety. Zara also maintains ownership of many of these elements of the supply chain, giving them the ability to coordinate activities related to replenishment and distribution at the internal level. While other competitors have to rely on the expertise and timely delivery of supplier services, Zara can ensure these activities are efficient and is not affected as much by breakdowns within the supply chain caused by external inefficiencies. The macro environment is also putting pressure on retailers to adopt new payment systems, since many clothing retailers, including Zara, offer their products online. More convenient and efficient online payment systems are required in order to get consumers interested in making purchases. Therefore, Zara has developed a partnership with PayPal, the international company which provides a multitude of

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) & Male Circumcision, is it a social Research Paper - 1

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) & Male Circumcision, is it a social custom or a religious practice - Research Paper Example legally mandated to ensure that all citizens enjoy their rights and happiness, without prejudice or favor because of social, racial, or religious orientation. Male circumcision and female genital mutilation are issues that have raised intense debate on whether they should be treated as religious or social custom practices. However, in view of the historical practices of both male circumcision and female genital mutilation, the practice should be regarded as social but not as religious issue. In addition, United States should not allow these practices among young boys and girls. Researchers have established that female genital mutilation and male circumcision affect the anatomy of the external reproductive organs of both sexes, which ultimately leads to alteration of sensation during sexual intercourse (Toubia, 1993, p31). These findings have been applied for a long time in different societies to achieve different social objectives, including suppression of sexual feelings. According to Dally(1991, p37), female genital mutilation has been in existence for over 4000 years ago and between 80 to 100 million women have undergone the rite in different parts of the world. There are different reasons that proponents of female genital mutilation use to justify the practice. These include the argument that it is a tradition that is prescribed by the religion (Porter, et al 1986, p 652). Moreover Toubia (1993, p62), argues that female genital mutilation is one of the many practices surrounded by myths and beliefs. Unfortunately, these myths and beliefs have been used for so long to justify the perpetuation of the practice in the society. Toubia (1993, p68) notes that in societies where female genital mutilation is prevalent, uncircumcised women do not get marriage partners because such women are perceived to contain several shortcomings. In most societies that practice the vice, uncircumcised women are considered unfaithful to their husbands once they get

Women writers during the Harlem Renaissance Research Paper

Women writers during the Harlem Renaissance - Research Paper Example The name referred to black Americans in the United States who had moved to search for education, job and suffrage during the Great Migration that took place from Southern cities to the Northern. The term was used to describe the African Americans as sophisticated, conscious and artistic despite the stereotypes of them being instinctively servile. It involved a group of different writers and intellects associated with Manhattan district and Harlem. The period was known as having a rebellious edge since it acted a celebration and development of the intellectual gains of the African Americans. Jim Crow also described it as the social uprising and literary movement against racism implementation. The main objective of this period was to recreate Blacks identity in museum, literature, arts and music. This paved way for the New Negro Women in relation to writing poems, novels and other literary works. The women played an important role in the struggle of the minority African American women. They made use of this movement in expressing their opinions on gender and race (Deborah, 2011 pg 89). Thesis Statement: It is evident that Women writers have made a step in the literary world as compared to men writers from the history. Mother of Renaissance According to Edame, (2003 pg 66) in some of his book argues that, the major focus of Harlem renaissance women writer is based on the first three women who were referred to as the mothers of renaissance. They include Zora Neale Hurston, Jessie Redmon Faucet and Nella Larson. These women symbolized different voices of women, styles and vision in New York. Zora’s use of parlance in black folk societal was unpopular as evident in most of the literary works. Huston in her essay titled ‘How It Feels To Be Colored Me’ clearly depicts how she feels to be black woman besides being within the white people colony. Williams, (2007 pg 56) adds that among the three women writers of this period, Hurston had a typical think ing that influenced the modern forms of writing. Her work focused on the northern region of her birth. Most of the writers during her era in literacy had not come across ‘Tragic Negro’, which was her piece of work hence sought to transcend. Faucet during her teaching profession at Fisk University, challenged other writers on the race issue in the coming period. Hurston experience of the black people contributed much to her work since she was born and raised in the black region. The memories of the southern life made most of her work parallel with other women who were within the white States. Hurston was the first woman writer in the canon of Harlem through her recognized value in writing. She opened the door for other women writers and artists in the society of literature despite their contribution being of no importance to the society but later recognized after their death. Faucet was recognized as the mother of Harlem because she was the first woman among the black wo men writers to be matriculated at Cornell University. She helped in selecting various works on the board for publication (Harold, 2004 pg 89). This woman shared most of her expertise and contact with other up-coming young writers whose works could not make it to publishers. She edited they work and help them through publications. This made her novel; ‘Plum Bun’ to be the best in the country. She re-created the climate that produced and sustained the walls of the Harlem renaissance in her chapter. The extensive publication of her work was the innermost figure during this period thus contributed to her advancement of other artists. Laying the Foundation Sacvan & Patell, (2008 pg 120) asserts from their research works that, chapters concerning Larsen and Hurston the entertaining

Indian tribe`s inherent sovereign authority Essay Example for Free

Indian tribe`s inherent sovereign authority Essay INTRODUCTION: U.S Chief Justice John Marshall, in his milestone trilogy of   his decisions on Indian law in 1] Cherokee Nation v.Georgia 2] Johnson v.Mclntosh and 3] Worcester v. Georgia framed the foundation for Indian law viz. Indian tribes are under the trust protection of the federal government which stands good even today. As such, many tribes are enjoying the quasi-sovereignty status and have organized their own governments together with functional legislative, executive and judicial branches. Indian tribal courts function more or less in their Anglo-American colleagues and offer an intra-tribal tool for dispute resolution. The Supreme Court held in â€Å"Oliphant v.Suquanmish Indian Tribe â€Å"that for want of congressional action, tribes lacks inherent jurisdiction to punish outsiders.   Congress yet to legislatively recognize the Oliphant by extending jurisdiction to tribal courts to try criminally any non-Indians for the felony committed in the Indian regions This research paper will divulge how this jurisdictional predicament causes a practicable problem in United States Judiciary and possible ways and means to address the issue. INDIAN SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY TO EXERCISE CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OVER NON-INDIANS- AN ANALYSIS: Crimes against native Indians are unleashed by non-Indians on daily basis. Crimes committed by non-Indians are cognizable offence that can be prosecuted only by federal district court by federal prosecutors. Unfortunately, many federal prosecutors have abandoned their duty to pursue crimes in Indian country committed by non-Indians due to overburden. The emergence of the Indian courts owed its origin to the tribal justice systems that predate the European settlement of America. On the basis of the age old convention, Congress has recognized the sovereign authority of tribes to maintain their own courts. But, Congress has limited that sovereignty as tribal courts have little jurisdiction over non-Indians .This is mainly intended to ensure that Indians are guaranteed the same constitutional rights as other Americans. As a result, tribal courts over the last two decades have lost their elite authority to try cases involving grave felonies and to enforce criminal penalties on non-Indians. In the year 1990, Supreme Court stripped Indian tribal courts of the power to hear cases involving Indians of a different tribe. But the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs later voted to reinstate that right to tribes for the next two years. [1992 to 1994]. In 1968, Congress established the Indian Civil Rights Act to offer on tribes requirements akin to those found in the Bill of Rights. There are about 147 tribal courts that exercise jurisdiction over nearly two million Indians in the United States in the year 1992. Tribal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over civil cases that arise between Indians on the reservations. But, if the plaintiff or defendant is other than Indian, state courts may have a simultaneous or even exclusive exercise rights to hear the case. In, â€Å"Oliphant v.Suquamish Indian Tribe† , 435 U.S, 55 L.Ed , 2d , 98 S.Ct, 48 U.S.L.W .4210 it was held that no inherent rights is ascribed to any Indian tribal courts to prosecute and punish non-Indians for offenses committed on Indian lands. It was the contention of the Indian tribes that jurisdiction is automatically conferred on them for trying any offenses of criminal nature on non-Indians in tribal lands as Supreme court made an opinion describing Indian tribes as â€Å" quasi –sovereign entities’. However, Supreme Court has observed in the present case that whenever efforts have been exercised in the past, it has been observed that there exists no jurisdiction. The tribal is having no authority to try non-Indians as it was established by earlier judicial opinions and also according to the general view of the executive authorities. But Judge Marshall, joined by the Chief justice dissented in the above case by taking the view that the power of preserve order on the reservation was a sine quo non of sovereignty that the Suquamish originally possessed. He further noted that in the absence of positive extraction of such rights by any treaty or statue ,the tribal enjoy as a necessary aspect of their sovereignty the right to try and punish all persons who commit offenses against tribal law within the reservation. In the past years, several Supreme Court rulings have drastically delineated the power of American Indians to govern their territories. The High Court ruled in 1978 that tribal courts cannot prosecute whites or other non-Indians for some felonies committed on tribal land. In one case, the justice held that a tribal court has no jurisdiction over crimes committed on that tribe’s land by members of another tribe. There are certain rulings that restricted Indian authority in taxation and zoning. Tribal leaders argue that U.S government apparent move away from recognizing ‘inherent sovereignty â€Å"of the Indian nations, which predate the arrival of whites to this continent makes them to worry. Though, the tribal leaders were not asking to overturn the Supreme Court’s ruling in Oliphant v. Squamish Indian Tribe but they were demanding to overturn the High Court rulings in Duro V. Reina, which prohibited the Salt River Prima-Maricopa Indian Community in Arizona from prosecuting on a misdemeanor of weapons charge by an Indian man who lived in Salt River but was a member of a tribe in California. Thus, the rulings left a judicial void in states that do not assume jurisdiction over such misdemeanors and Congress temporarily restored jurisdiction to the tribes during 1990. 2.1 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION TO TRY NON –INDIANS TO COMBAT TERRORIST THREAT: In their effort to revive an amendment to the Homeland Security Act that would offer criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians to combat terrorist threats on Indian lands. But opponents were of the view that it will topple a 25-years –old Supreme Court decision â€Å" limiting and defining Indian sovereignty â€Å" and could lead to tribal power grabs which may affect of millions of non-Indians. Further, there is a proposal to reclassify the tribal governments as â€Å"states â€Å"under HSA law which facilitate tribes to receive sufficient federal funding and technical expertise to play a meaningful role in fighting terrorism. During 2003, the Senate Indian Affairs committee tried to add some amendments to homeland security bill but it was not successful as some group hit the panic button claiming that amendment would authorise control over all people for all purposes. The vested group fears that there would be other jurisdictional grabs by the tribal governments and tribes could exert authority over non-Indians by ignoring the fact that non-Indians cannot vote in tribal elections. The proposed amendment which has been officially designated as S.578 and the department itself has supported the first 12 sections of the amendment or those that would authorise the reclassification of tribal governments as states [not local government] in dealing with terrorism. But as per Heffelfinger, who is also chairman of the Attorney General Advisory Committee’s Native American issues subcommittee commented that the departments itself is not supporting section 13 , which would offer tribes the power to â€Å" enforce and adjudicate violations of civil , criminal and regulatory laws committed by any person on land under the jurisdiction of an Indian tribal government. But, as per 2000 census, non –Indians account for more than 48% of reservation residents who live on or near Indian reservations from discrimination â€Å"by state, federal or tribal government or their policies. Some critics view the proposed amendment to the Homeland Security Act violates the 1978 â€Å"Oliphant v.Suquamish Indian Tribe† rulings where Supreme Court observed that tribes do not have criminal jurisdiction to try and punish non-Indians. In real situation, the state or federal government is toothed with the power to arrest and try criminal offenders who are not Indians on Indian lands.   In other words, there is no need to arm the tribal government to initiate criminal proceedings on non-Indians on tribal lands as the state or federal government has adequate power to execute the same. [1] 2.2 OVERBURDENS OF FEDERAL COURTS: One the problem faced by tribal is that some of the felonies committed by non-Indians on tribal have been let off due to overburden of cases in federal courts and Supreme Court judgment which   had declared that non-Indians can not be prosecuted by the tribal courts. For instance, military courts do not have jurisdiction to prosecute the civilians who have infringed military’s interest. In such cases, â€Å"special assistant United States attorneys† [SAUSA’s] have the authority to prosecute such violators who have committed crimes against military personnel and property. The same strategy can be followed in the tribal cases also. Thus, the department should authorize Indian prosecutors to sue in the federal courts for the crimes committed by the non-Indians within Indian country.   2.3 USE OF MEHTAMPHETAMINE: Another issue encountered by the American tribes and tribal groups is their relentless fight against use of methamphetamine which they regard an epidemic on tribal lands. Lummi Nation of Washington, an American tribe is waging war with meth by imposing rigorous punishment to offenders. Some tribes are addressing the issue through new drug courts. Methamphetamine production and trafficking on tribal reservation with huge geographic areas or tribes adjacent to the U.S. –Mexico border is rampant. As the tribal states enjoy sovereign status, criminals are generally not subject to state jurisdiction in most of the cases. As the local law enforcement authorities have no jurisdiction in Indian country and tribal law enforcement agencies take the responsibility to enforce the relevant law enforcement functions. To combat the use of meth in tribal areas, Indian Tribes Methamphetamine Act of 2007 and Indian Tribes Methamphetamine Reduction Grants Act of 2007 were introduced in January 2007.   The legislation would permit Indian tribes to be eligible for funding through the department of Justice to exterminate the scourge of meth production, sale and usage in Native American communities. Enough safeguard measures are built in to avoid any potential misrepresentation of the above legislations. It has been clearly stated in section 2 [a] [4] of the bill , the Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Assistance is toothed with power to award grant funds to a state ,territory or Indian tribe to â€Å" explore ,detain and indict individuals â€Å"   involved in illegal meth activities. Further, it does not authorize a grantee state, Indian tribe or state to pursue law enforcement activities that it otherwise has short of jurisdictional authority to pursue. 2.4 PUBLIC LAW 280 Normally, states do not have jurisdiction over the internal legal of the sovereign tribal governments. Under certain circumstances, Congress has extended special exceptions this general principle. Under Public Law 280, six states were given exclusive jurisdiction over the Indian country within the state borders. Thus, states like New York, Kansas have the exclusive right over to prosecute the crime committed within the Indian country as the federal government has ceded its jurisdiction. Federal government ceded their prosecuting authority to states in these states. But it has created unfavorable situations as most states are reluctant and intransigence to cognize crime on Indian reservations seriously. Many state district attorneys are reluctant to exercise their limited resources on Indian crime. Thus, Public Law 280 has resulted in lawlessness in almost all Indian reservations. Ceding the federal authority over Indian territories to states has ended in a lacuna. It is painful to note that even if a state government has inherent authority in a particular Indian region, it sometimes lacks institutional strength to exercise authority in that region. Further, there exists always simmering tension between Indians and state governments. It is to be observed that since Worcester v.Georgia, states have no authority or very little authority over Indian country. The real reason for tension between tribal and state government is the criticism of action of state police department as they always rubbing on the wrong side of the tribal cultural practices. A study conducted by Carole Goldberg Ambrose[2] revealed that relationships between state and tribal are often got off to potholed and sometime unfeasible. Frequently, California tribal members complained that when state police tried to solve the tribal problems, they often failed as they were disrespectful to tribal sovereignty, lacked cultural compassion and always deployed excessive force. Further, if the alleged offence is a violation of generally applicable federal statutes like sedition and mail theft, the federal government is alone having exclusive jurisdiction to try the offence and natives are not exempted from such offence 2.5 OLIPHANT V. SUQUAMISH INDIAN TRIBE’- AN ANALYSIS: In, ‘Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe’ case, Supreme Court held   that as the tribal court lacks inherent jurisdiction to prosecute non-Indians for the felonies committed on Indian jurisdiction and recommended that it is the Congress to decide whether Indians tribes should finally be authorized to try non-Indians . Thus, Supreme Court decision may not be final and binding since Congress retains authority in exercise of its plenary power. Oliphant case centered around the incidents that happened on the Suquamish Reservation located near Port Madison, Washington. Indian tribes had waived all of their land claims in Washington state under the Treaty of Point Elliott which was signed in 1855 and accepted to settle on a 7300 –acre reservation located near Seattle. The tribes adopted a criminal code in 1973 and any infringement of tribal’s criminal code is prosecuted in the Suquamish Indian provisional Court. It is the claim of the tribes that they have jurisdiction to try non-Indians for any violation or infringement in their land. In support of their claim, they have displayed billboards in prominent places at the entrances to the Port Madison Reservation warning the public that entry onto the Reservation would be deemed implied consent to the criminal jurisdiction of the Suquamish tribal court and one may hilarious to note that Suquamish tribal specifically excluded non-Indians from serving on tribal court as juries. Supreme Court had placed the burden of proof on the tribe to substantiate its contention of jurisdiction. The tribe argued that its jurisdiction over non-Indians emerged involuntarily from the Tribe’s retained innate powers of government over the Port Madison Indian Reservation. Tribe has argued that flow of criminal jurisdiction is automatic over all persons on a reservation –Indian or non-Indian and is arising out of a ‘sine qua non ‘of tribal sovereignty. Supreme Court has rejected the argument of tribal claiming inherent jurisdiction on multiple grounds. Supreme Court concluded that Congress had positively expressed its intention not to grant Indian tribes the power to punish non-Indian after thoroughly examining the opinions of attorney generals, history of treaties, legislative history and district court decisions. Supreme Court once again asserted that Congress which is being law making authority is having sole discretion to decide whether the tribal can prosecute non-Indians for felonies in their land. In the Oliphant’s case, Justice Marshall joined by Chief Justice Burger took the opposite view as the Marshall believed that tribes processed the innate jurisdiction over non-Indians and that congressional action was necessary to strip off Indians of that jurisdiction. Oliphant decision was a major set back to Indian community claim of sovereignty in the following respect: It publicized that Indians were toothless to dissuade non-Indians from committing crimes against them. Tribes viewed that Supreme Court decision had indeed handcuffed their law enforcement activities. Tribes viewed the decision as a major blow on their powers to safeguard their own people. Decision culminated to an awkward situation to tribes by restricting their power to judge, prosecute or punish with tribal law and tribal courts, the non-Indians who commit felonies on tribal land. 2.6 DURO V.REINA- AN ANALYSIS: Duro v.Reina is a subsequent case after Oliphant. This case has further minimized the power of the tribal court to punish â€Å"outsiders â€Å", people who are not members of the tribe. Albert Duro was the member of one sect of Indian tribe namely Torres-Maritinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. It was alleged that Duro killed a boy on the Salt River Indian reservation. Salt River Indian tribes attempted to prosecute Duro in their tribal court. The federal district court restrained the Salt River Prima –Maricopa Indian Tribe to prosecute Duro who belongs to Torres tribe. Thus, Supreme Court also concurred the federal district court view and held that Indian tribes did not have jurisdiction over Indians who were members of other Indian tribes. This made the Congress to exercise its plenary power and Supreme Court decision was amended or altered by the Congress through amendment U.S.C 1301 to authorize the tribal courts to exercise â€Å"criminal jurisdiction over all Indian and not just member of Indians. Critic’s view that Supreme Court had crushed the Indian rights is a bit of hypocritical as the Congress can always make use of its plenary power –a-type of legislative veto –to correct the intrinsic relationship as articulated by the Court. 2.7 ANALYSIS OF SURVEY OF U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT: According to survey conducted by Justice Department of U.S., American Indians suffer from certain violent crimes like robbery, rape at a rate twice the national average. About 30,000 crimes of violence are committed against Indians each year. Native Indians complained that their attackers were under the influence of alcohol or meth at a greater than the national average. It is alarming to note that Indians were fatalities of interracial violence at a startling rate of 72% and 91% of sexual assaults against the tribal members. Further, offenders against Indian tribes were about 70% It is to be noted that a crime committed against an Indian by non-Indian which occurs outside of Indian country is subject to state jurisdiction and therefore is not reported in the above statistics. Thus, the above statistics reveal a disturbing picture of crimes against Indians and Indians face a disproportionately higher rate of violent crimes than any other races in U.S.A. For instance, Indian victims are reporting about 30,000 possible violent crimes to police each year and out of this, police could not solve more than 28,000 incidents or about 94% of the crimes reported remain uninvestigated or go unpunished. Further, Indians are also affected by the property crimes and victimless crimes committed by the non-Indians and these were not included in the above statistics since these were of civil nature.   The main reason for such alarming rates of criminal reports are being uninvestigated is mainly due to great distance between federal courts and tribes and overburdened law enforcing department. One of the allegations against Indian judiciary is that Indian courts do not bestow equal justice to non-Indians. For example, in Oliphant case, the Court took note of the fact that non-Indians were excluded from occupying juries’ role in Suquamish.   Thus, a doubt arises whether non-Indian constitutional right to be tried by an Indian jury could deliver unquestionable justice to the accused. The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 ensures basic due process protections to Indians who are tried in tribal courts and to ensure non-Indians offenders rights, the same process of protection can be extended to non-Indians. As such, non-Indians allegation that tribal courts are iniquitous may not hold good. 2.8 POSSIBLE SUGGESTIONS FOR AVOIDING OLIPHANT TYPE OF INCIDENTS IN FUTURE: Federal court is already overburdened with cases like violations under a]Patriotic Act , b]Money Laundering Act 3] RICO 4] Narcotic Offenses 5] Interstate Crimes 6] National Security Offenses 7] Stock Exchange Commission 8] Other type of Crimes .Whereas , offenses committed by non-Indian in tribal areas are of nature of minor offences like 1] reckless or speed driving 2] drunk driving 3] petty assault 4] petty theft 5] Vandalism 6] Littering   7] Parking Violations . Naturally federal prosecutors do not give more importance to these offenses and hence lion’s share of these offenses went unpunished. To instill confidence on tribal community, Congress should seriously think of creating exclusive federal courts which may be designated as â€Å"special courts â€Å" for prosecuting offenses committed on tribal by non-Indians in tribal areas.   For instance , in the District of North Dakota , Chief Judge Rodney Webb to address the problem faced   by Indians against felonies committed by non-Indians held meetings with the officials for their prosecution As per ICRA [Indian Civil Rights Act], Indian tribes may not impose any penalty or punishment which is longer than for a term of one year and a fine of $ 5000 or both. This clearly demonstrate that tribal courts have limited authority to try minor offenses like less serious felonies or misdemeanors there by leaving serious crimes to the federal government . Further, there is a misconception among non-Indians that tribal courts are not like Anglo-American tribunals. It is pertinent to note the remarks made by Justice Rehnquist in Oliphant that â€Å"some Indian trial court systems have become progressively much classy and resemble in many ways their state counter parts†. Hence, non-Indians should be properly educated and Congress should see that they are convinced by drafting a new legislation extending tribal courts power to prosecute non-Indians within the parameters designed by the Congress in this regard. One another remedy is to depute special law enforcement officer to investigate or prosecute the crime. A â€Å"special assistant district attorney â€Å"may be appointed to represent the district attorney for a particular case or a special investigating officer may be deputed to execute restricted law enforcement functions. Thus, the power to deputize is also known as a statutory grant. A statutory grant is having inherent power to specially deputize any higher officials. The deputization will be more advantageous as it would satisfy the interest of the all concerned including tribal and non-Indian offenders though the offenders will be punished under federal or state laws not under the tribal laws. CONCLUSION: De-facto immunity is being used as scapegoat by non-Indian offenders against Indians. It is really a shame that American judicial system is dissuading Indians to punish the non-Indian offenders who have committed felony in their lands under tribal criminal laws. It is real predicament that majority of the crimes against Indians by non-Indians escape punishment. The Oliphant v Suquamish Indian Tribe case is a severe blow to the Indian legitimate rights which Congress should come forward to redress. Congress should exercise its plenary power as it had done in Supreme Court decision in Duro v.Reina which was later amended or altered by the Congress through amendment U.S.C 1301 to authorize the tribal courts to exercise â€Å"criminal jurisdiction over all Indian and not just member of Indians. Further , to instill confidence on tribal community, Congress should seriously think of creating exclusive federal courts which may be designated as â€Å"special courts â€Å" for prosecuting offenses committed on tribal by non-Indians in tribal areas. One another remedy is to depute special law enforcement officer to investigate or prosecute the crime. The deputization will be more advantageous as it would satisfy the interest of the all concerned including tribal and non-Indian offenders though the offenders will be punished under federal or state laws not under the tribal laws. Deputization will assimilate all law enforcement agencies together to work unitedly.   Deputization is the need of the hour as it will bring all the parties involved under a single umbrella within the current jurisdictional. Further, as in the case of military courts which do not have jurisdiction to prosecute the civilians who have infringed military’s interest and in such cases, â€Å"special assistant United States attorneys† [SAUSA’s] have the authority to prosecute such violators who have committed crimes against military personnel and property. The same strategy can be followed in the tribal cases also. Thus, the department should authorize Indian prosecutors to sue in the federal courts for the crimes committed by the non-Indians within Indian country. BIBILIOGRAPHY Chiu, Elaine M. Culture as Justification, Not Excuse. American Criminal Law Review 43, no. 4 (2006): 1317+. Christofferson, Carla. Tribal Courts Failure to Protect Native American Women: A Reevaluation of the Indian Civil Rights Act. Yale Law Journal 101, no. 1 (1991): 169-185. Dutton, Bertha P. American Indians of the Southwest. Revised ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983. French, Laurence Armand. Addictions and Native Americans. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2000. Griffiths, Curt Taylor. Natives and Criminal Justice Policy: the Case of Native Policing. Canadian Journal of Criminology 26, no. 2 (1984): 147-160. Henderson, Dwight F. Congress, Courts, and Criminals: The Development of Federal Criminal Law, 1801-1829. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985. Johansen, Bruce Elliott, ed. The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. La Prairie, Carol. Aboriginal Over-Representation in the Criminal Justice System: A Tale of Nine Cities. Canadian Journal of Criminology 44, no. 2 (2002): 181+. Lawson, Paul E. When States Attorneys General Write Books on Native American Law: A Case Study of Spaeths American Indian Law Desk book. American Indian Quarterly 19, no. 2 (1995): 229-236. Nielsen, Marianne O. and Robert A. Silverman, eds. Native Americans, Crime, and Justice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996 Nourse, V.F. Reconceptualizing Criminal Law Defenses. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 151, no. 5 (2003): 1691+. Parman, Donald Lee. Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994. Pevar, Stephen L. The Rights of Indians and Tribes: The Basic ACLU Guide to Indian and Tribal Rights. 2nd ed. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992. Prucha, Francis Paul. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1984. Ramirez, Deborah A. A Brief Historical Overview of the Use of the Mixed Jury. American Criminal Law Review 31, no. 4 (1994): 1213-1224. [1] â€Å"Indian Wants Jurisdiction to Combat Terrorism Threat â€Å", Washington Times, Jan 26, 2004. [2] Carole Goldberg –Ambrose, â€Å"Public Law 280 and the problem of Lawlessness in California Indian Country, 44 UCLA L.Rev. 1405 [1997].

Virtue and Man Essay Example for Free

Virtue and Man Essay Throughout the ages, many have spent their lives on a quest for power, believing that power holds the key to all they desire. Yet power, with its illusive duality, may enable one to accomplish amazing feats or result in ones tragic downfall. In Macbeth, the character of many power hungry men was put to the test, and each respond differently based on the traits they possess. For many different characters in Macbeth, Shakespeare entwines the traits, which epitomize a man, none of greater importance than ones honor. Throughout Macbeth, many of the characteristics that embody a man vividly display themselves. However, no individual portrays all of these traits. Malcolm lists many of these desirable traits: The king-becoming graces, As justice, verity, temp’rance, stableness, Bounty, perseverance, mercy, lowliness, Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude. . . . (IV iii 106-109) While this list of virtues and traits holds a high mark for any man, many men in Macbeth prove they possess these traits. Malcolm, Banquo, and Macduff exhibit courage, and fortitude in their willingness to shed their own blood in order to overthrow the tyranny of Macbeth. This display of devotion to their country earns them the respect of their countrymen. Furthermore, to earn the title of â€Å"man† one must prove himself worthy of the trust of others. Macbeth himself comments on the value of trust when he says, â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe, / In doing it pays itself† (I iv 25-26). While a man gains respect by earning the trust of others, trust does not come without responsibility. Banquo epitomizes this responsibility as he resists the temptations to succumb to the witches lure: So I lose none In seeking to augment it but still keep My bosom franchised and allegiance clear, I shall be counseled (II i 34-37). Macbeth acts irrationally upon the predictions of the witches, yet Banquo does not fall prey to the false hopes they promise. Each of the traits previously mentioned serves a man well; however, a man has little without honor. Lacking that crucial trait prevents one from attaining many things, including that of reaching one’s full potential. To impress upon Duncan the importance of this quality, Macbeth remarks, â€Å"Which do but what they should by doing everything / Safe toward your love and honor† (I iv 29-30). Yet Macbeth, a man once honorable, strays from his good heart and begins to entangle himself into a web of deception and evil. By abandoning his most precious characteristic, honor, Macbeth has all but committed himself to a tragic downfall. Feared as a tyrant, Macbeth’s struggle with temptation afflicts many men. Many a man, once noble in their ways, have unfortunately chosen a road of evil and paved their own destruction. Macbeth laments, â€Å"And that which should accompany old age, / As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends, / I must not look to have . . . † (V iii 28-30). At this point near the end of Macbeth’s life, he realizes the fatal mistakes he has made, yet his realization comes too late. Though once an honorable and respected man, the road he has chosen proves to be one of no return. Although Macbeth ruinously, fell to the hands of evil, the triumph of good directly correlates to the traits of those men who put and end to his tyrannical rule. Macbeth’s destruction ideally reiterates the words said by Mr. Lincoln and impeccably proves his point. God’s architecture of everyman skillfully shows how vital specific traits and characteristics are to the make-up of a man. Yet he empowers us to choose how we use them.

Private Hospitals for Undergraduate Medical Training

Private Hospitals for Undergraduate Medical Training Private Hospitals for undergraduate medical training an untapped resource in Ireland. Introduction Undergraduate medical education and training is a subject of considerable importance in relation to the quality of learning and teaching opportunities for students, and the ability of the learning environments to support the development of clinical skills and knowledge, professional practice and patient-focused high quality care delivery. The Irish context presents a particular challenge due to changes in the organisation and delivery of medical care into two distinct sectors, private or public, which alters the opportunities offered for medical student experience and focuses services in different ways. While the acute care sector (public) is the one in which most medical students train, it is apparent that there are opportunities to be gained from utilising private hospital and medical locations as well, in order to expose medical students to the widest possible and available medical expertise. However, the quality of the experience in such locations may be questionable, and the ran ge of experiences available may be severely limited A review of the literature pertaining to the title will demonstrate some of the key issues around this topic, drawing on literature from the UK and internationally, due to the commonalities in medical education structure, form and pedagogy that are found globally, and in particular, referring to the UK model as being the one which dominates still even in the Irish medical education sector. Discussion Due to changes in the healthcare structure in Ireland private, there has been a split in the way that doctors provide acute medical and surgical care services. Within Ireland in the healthcare model which has evolved, there are now public only or private only contracts for consultants, meaning that consultants cannot work across both sectors. Prior to this change, a doctor could work across both sectors, meaning that while they could engage in the public sector work that is the meat and drink of medicine and surgery, most consultants made their money in private hospitals, leaving their NCHD team to do their public work. However, the challenges this change poses for the way in which medical education is delivered in Ireland have not really been picked up on in the literature, and so an exploration of pertinent literature, in the light of the author’s contextual knowledge, is important, to explore this impact and to appreciate the scope and opportunities inherent within the new structure. There is some evidence that the changes to medical education, whilst global, are very real in the Irish context. The issues affecting medical education include â€Å"increasing service demands on clinical teachers, the need for shared teaching among different health-related disciplines, the need to incorporate modern educational principles and technologies, adapting to changing societal views of health and disease and the demand for health professionals to be more accountable.†[1] Issues such as professionalism and widening understanding of diversity are inherent in these issues. What this suggests, among other things, is that in order to make best use of the existing resources, areas still untapped need to be accessed, and at the same time, the way that medical ‘education’ is delivered needs to evolve.[2] Up until the present day, the private hospitals have not really been involved in med education. However, now they are currently making associations with universities who are eager to tap this resource, in order to make use of the private hospital setting for clinical experiences for medical students (and other healthcare students). It could be posited that these hospital present a hitherto untapped resource, full of opportunities, but also as a point of great scope for development of new ways of thinking about and providing more appropriate forms of education. As a public private system becomes more defined we need to start using the private sector to teach medical students. This is particularly important as there have been, recently, significant increases in the numbers of medical students[3], with public sector hospitals overwhelmed by medical student numbers, exacerbated by graduate entry into medicine adding to the larger and more diverse pool.[4] This may be affecting the qualit y of their learning, and also the quality of care provision.[5] There are, however, challenges, because as an unused resource, and an untested learning environemtn, there are not the internal resources, skills, systems and the like already in existence to support the influx of medical students. Similarly, there are lots of new private hospitals opening that are not used for teaching, and these hospitals are not equipped for teaching. This is something to bear in mind, and there is a need to identify the requirements of a hospital being equipped for medical student teaching and learning. Basic needs would be structural, such as the provision of a student centre, student accessible IT services, student support, changing rooms, training laboratories, and the like. Some of the major concerns are that private hospitals not equipped and did not make considerations for medical student education at the design phase, meaning that making them primary locations for medical student clinical experience could be very challenging and costly. There is also the issue private patients may not welcome students, particularly as they have paid for their care and so want complete control over it. This may mean students being excluded from key experiences. However, all patients in public sector healthcare have the option to not have students present, so this may not be insurmountable, but it would require rewriting protocols, mission statements, and the like to include an educational component. Another concern is the fact that private hospitals have not yet got to the same level of provision or range of clinical disciplines as public ones. For example, very few have intensive care departments, full time 24/7 consultant cover, emergency departments or major trauma units. Therefore the casemix of patients is elective, and limited, and students if only placed in private hospitals, will not be exposed to emergency. However, the contrary is also true as public teaching hospitals are now getting less elective patients for routine surgeries such as cholecystectomies and hernias. There is evidence to suggest that the relevance of the training medical students receive is of some importance to the quality of their experience and their future skills.[6] There could, therefore, be an argument for cross-sector placements, on rotation, with students doing different placements in different hospitals. This may have the advantage of exposing students to a wider socio-cultural mix of patient s as well as a wider pool of medical expertise, both of which may be of significance in the requirements of medical staff in the current climate.[7] Certainly, there is an emergence of a need to develop more creative approaches to clinical medical education which address the social and societal issues affecting health and illness as well as the medical knowledge itself.[8] This is evident in the emergence of debate around professionalism and professionalisation/socialisation of medical students into their profession, but also into the wider healthcare workforce. While traditionally, medicine has enjoyed a hegemonic position with near godlike autonomy[9], things have changed and new ways of viewing the medical profession have emerged. This has included a demand for more transparent, ethical practice, for doctors to view patients as individuals within their personal, social context, and the need for doctors to demonstrate respect for others, teamworking skills, and more self-awareness and increased awareness of social responsibility.[10] It also includes the reflexivity and awareness required to underpin the development of clinical decision making and problem solving skills, in general, and in application to particular disciplines and cases.[11] These notions of professionalism and reducing the divide between physician and patient are deemed important fo r the profession, as long as professional standards are also maintained.[12] This is where the challenge seems to reside, in providing medical students in Ireland with the scope to develop their professional knowledge and skills, along with the development of themselves, and their professional role, across two radically different healthcare provision domains.[13] Yet the research shows that it is the quality of the clinical or practical experience that medical students have which affects both aspects of their development, their clinical skills and their professionalism.[14] Medical education has moved away from the didactic forms that have characterised it for centuries towards a more interactive, student-centred type of training, although not as far as the other healthcare professions have.[15] Therefore, developing the private sector provision could serve a number of purposes, not just providing a useful place for the runoff of extra students currently flooding the public sector h ospitals. It could provide the opportunities for students to be assessed in skills and attributes relevant to each sector, as well as each individual case they are addressing. This would represent a more individualised approach to medical education.[16] There is a high likelihood of a considerable amount of resistance to such a reorientation, however, because the traditional, hierarchical and hegemonic structures of the medical profession will not be easily overcome.[17] What changes there are may not be fully bedded down within the Irish healthcare sector.[18] There is also the challenge of ensuring that there are adequate clinical educators available or even employed within this sector.[19] However, it would also be important to consider the impact of a large amount of private sector clinical experience on the professional development and socialisation of medical students, because much of this occurs within the institutional setting and is affecting by that setting, by the organisational culture, and by the behaviours of others within that setting.[20] Therefore, if students are modelling themselves primarily on what they are seeing within the private sector, this exposure could be detrimental, in the long run, to their professionalism, their awareness, and the ways that the work with others.[21] The nature of medical education itself is one which may need to change, to reorient itself to a different model of teaching and learning which is more appropriate to modern day medicine[22]. â€Å"Continued efforts are needed to reduce the factual load of the curriculum.†[23] It is apparent that in the current climate, with rapid developments in science and technology applied to medicine, and the increasing speed of these developments, that delivering a didactic curriculum is not practical, and instead, medical schools need to be able to â€Å"equip students with the skills and attitudes needed to cope with rapid change and lifelong learning.†[24] This includes students learning how to learn in a self-directed, more autonomous way,[25] which would then help to overcome the differences between the sectors and support students in cross-sector working and identifying the learning and development opportunities specific to each. However, the literature shows that in Ireland (as in many other places), the nature of medical education remains quite didactic and offers only limited opportunities for students to work in alternative ways. Yet the requirement for personal and professional development has already begun to be realised in the UK and Ireland, and as such the groundwork has already been laid.[26] Similarly, literature shows that medical student learning differs depending on the clinical environment,[27] which may be related to the culture of the environment and the purpose of the medical provision,[28] and if this is the case, then a great deal of research will be needed, along with ongoing evaluation, in order to assess the impact of the use of private sector hospitals within Ireland. The literature demonstrates that new ways of learning can be developed and implemented, based on more social, interactive, collaborative models[29], such as the development of communities of practice.[30] In this case, such communities would need to span the different sectors effectively, and overcome the differences between them, but these could expand to make better use of and collaborate more effectively with the training of interprofessional colleages[31]. This raises the question of whether there are the skills, capacity and even inclination to develop medical education along such lines, a lthough the ongoing benefits of communities of practice would be exponential.[32],[33]. The need for medical students to emerge as knowledgeable professionalss with the requisite understanding and skills must not be overlooked.[34],[35] Conclusion It would appear that there is a great untapped potential in the use of private sector hospitals in the Republic of Ireland to supplement medical student education by providing clinical locations for practice-based learning. However, this learning may need to be located in a different paradigm to the traditional medical apprenticeship model that has dominated this sector to date. The private sector hospitals would need to be come part of the partnership teams with universities and public sector hospitals. They would need to develop the facilities and infrastructure to support medical students. Medical students would gain a lot from such placements, but it would appear to be best that these form part of a cross-sector rotation of placements, rather than a private setting constituting their dominant clinical learning setting. The ways in which medical students are ‘taught’ would also need to change, to become more focused on personal and professional development, self-directed learning, and on all the elements of being professional in relation to current definitions of the word, and the social expectations placed upon healthcare professionals. Research is required into how private sector hospitals can be used, how medical education is changed by this and will change the nature of these locations, and how different approaches to new pedagogies will benefit medical students overall. The impact of these changes on professionalism, and the resistance from the profession, will also need to be considered. Ultimately, private hospitals can support the current provision, but the nature of the healthcare provision in Ireland would have to be considered also in the light of international models and how it intersects with these. Anything which improves student development and the skills and capabilities of newly qualified doctors must be a positive move, but research is needed to demonstrate that this would be so. References Arnold, L. (2002) Assessing professional behaviour: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Acad Med 77 (6) 58-70. Bligh, J. (2004) More medical students, more stress in the medical education system. Medical Education 38 460-462. Chastonay, P., Brenner, F., Peel, S. and Guilbert, J-J. (1996) The need for more efficiency and relevance in medical education. Medical Education 30 235-248. Cruess, R., Cruess, S. and Johnston, S.E. (1999) Renewing professionalism: an opportunity for medicine. Acad Med 74. (8) 878-884. Currie, G. and Suhomlinova, O. (2006) The impact of institutional forces upon knowledge sharing in the UK NHS: the triumph of professional power and the inconsistency of policy. Public Administration 84 (1) 1-30. Department of Health (2004) Medical Schools: Delivering the Doctors of the Future London: Department of Health. Dogra, N., Conning, S., and Gill, P. (2005) Teaching of cultural diversity in medical schools in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland: cross sectional questionnaire survey. BMJ 330 403-404. Dowton, S.B., Stokes, M-L., Rawstrong, E.J. et al (2005) Postgraduate medical education: rethinking and integrating a complex landscape. MJA 182 177-180. Dornan, T., Hadfield, J., Brown, M. et al (2005) How can medical students learn in a self-directed way in the clinical environment? Design-based research. Medical Education 39 356-364. Epstein, R.M. and Hundert, E.M. (2002) 287 (2) 226-235. Defining and assessing professional competence. JAMA 287 (2) 226-235. Finucane, P. and Kellet, J. (2007) A new direction for medical education in Ireland? European Journal of Internal Medicine 18 101-103. General Medical Council (2002) Tomorrow’s doctors: recommendations on undergraduate medical education. London: GMC. Gordon, J. (2003) Fostering students’ personal and professional development in medicine: a new framework for PPD. Medical Education 37 (4) 341-349. Hilton, S.R. and Slotnick, H.B. (2005) Proto-professionalism: how professionalisation occurs across the continuum of medical education. Medical Education 29 58-65. Howe, A., Campion, P., Searle, J. and Smith, H. (2004) New perspectives approaches to medical education at four new UK medical schools. BMJ 329 327-331. Irvine, D. (1999) The performance of doctors: new professionalism. Lancet 353 1174-1177. Littlewood, S., Ypinazar, V., Margolis, S.A. et al (2005) Early practical experience and the social responsiveness of clinical education: systematic review. BMJ331 387-391. Lloyd Jones, M. (2005) Role development and effective practice in specialist and advanced practice roles in acute hospital settings: systematic review and meta-synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 49 (2) 191-209. McMahon, T. (2005) Teaching medicine and allied disciplines in the 21st century lessons for Ireland on the continuing need for reform. Radiography 11 61-65. Medical Council (2001) Review of medical schools in Ireland Dublin: Medical Council. Moercje, A.M. and Elika, B. (2002) What are the clinical skills levels of newly graduated physicians? Self-assessment study of an intended curriculum identified by a Delphi process. Medical Education 36 472-478. Norman, G. (2002) Research in medical education: three decades of progress. BMJ 324 1560-1562. Nuffield Trust (2000) University Clinical Partnership: Harnessing Clinical and Academic Resources London: Nuffield Trust Working Group on NHS/University Relations. Ostler, D.T., (2005) Flexner, apprenticeship and ‘the new medical education.’ Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 98 91-95. Perkins, G.D., Barrett, H., Bullock, I. et al (2005) The Acute Care Undergraduate Teaching (ACUTE) Initiative: consensus development of core competencies in acute care for undergraduates in the United Kingdom. Intensive Care Medicine 31 1627-1633. Rogers, J.C., Swee, D.E. and Ullian, J.A. (1991) Teaching medical decision making and students’ clinical problem solving skills. Medical Teacher 13 157-164. Satran, L., Harris, I.B., Allen, S. et al (1993) Hospital-based versus community-based clinical education: comparing performances and course evaluations by students in their second-year pediatrics rotation. Acad Med 68 380-382. Sinclair, S. (1997) Making doctors: an institutional apprenticeship Oxford: Berg. Smith, T. and Sime, P. (2001) A survey of clinical academic staffing levels in UK medical and dental schools: a report to the Council for Heads of Medical Schools London: Council for Heads of Medical Schools. Stewart, J., O’Halloran, C., Harrigan, P. et al (1999) Identifying appropriate tasks for the preregistration year: modified Delphi technique. BMJ 224-229. Swick, H. (2000) towards a normative definition of medical professionalism. Acad Med. 75 (6) 77-81. Thakore, H. and McMahon, T. (2006) Sink or swim: the future of medical education in Ireland. The Clinical Teacher 3 129-132. Wenger, E.C. and Snyder, W.M. (2000) Communities of practice: the organisational frontier. Harvard Business Review 78 (1) 139-147. Williams, G. and Lau, A. (2004) Reform of undergraduate medical teaching in the United Kingdom: a triumph of evangelism over common sense. BMJ 329 92-94. Worley, P., Esterman, A. and Prideaux, D. (2004) Cohort study of examination performance of undergraduate medical students learning in community settings. BMJ 328 207-209. Footnotes [1] Finucane, P. and Kellet, J. (2007) [2] Thakore, H. and McMahon, T. (2006) [3] Bligh, J. (2004) [4] Thakore, H. and McMahon, T. (2006) [5] Bligh, J. (2004) [6] Chastonay, P., Brenner, F., Peel, S. and Guilbert, J-J. (1996) [7] Dogra, N., Conning, S., and Gill, P. (2005) [8] Department of Health (2004) [9] Hilton, S.R. and Slotnick, H.B. (2005) [10] Hilton, S.R. and Slotnick, H.B. (2005) [11] Rogers, J.C., Swee, D.E. and Ullian, J.A. (1991) [12] General Medical Council (2002) [13] Arnold, L. (2002) [14] Littlewood, S., Ypinazar, V., Margolis, S.A. et al (2005 [15] Norman, G. (2002) [16] Ostler, D.T., (2005 [17] Williams, G. and Lau, A. (2004) [18] Currie, G. and Suhomlinova, O. (2006) [19] Smith, T. and Sime, P. (2001) [20] Sinclair, S. (1997) [21] Swick, H. (2000) [22] Howe, A., Campion, P., Searle, J. and Smith, H. (2004) [23] Medical Council (2001) [24] Medical Council (ibid) [25] Dornan, T., Hadfield, J., Brown, M. et al (2005) [26] Gordon, J. (2003) [27] Worley, P., Esterman, A. and Prideaux, D. (2004) [28] Satran, L., Harris, I.B., Allen, S. et al (1993) [29] Perkins, G.D., Barrett, H., Bullock, I. et al (2005) [30] Wenger, E.C. and Snyder, W.M. (2000) [31] Lloyd Jones, M. (2005) [32] Wenger, E.C. and Snyder, W.M. (2000) [33] Nuffield Trust (2000) [34] Moercje, A.M. and Elika, B. (2002) [35] Irvine, D. (1999)

Shakespeare :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you know anyone who had lost a large amount of weight in an extremely short period of time but gained it all back again? If you do, that person probably resorted to extreme dieting techniques. Extreme dieting can be defined as restricting calories or fundamental food groups in an unhealthy way. With the number of obese people in America growing, it is no wonder that more and more people are starting to diet in unsafe manners. A huge problem that arises is when teens start restricting their food and essential nutrients, which can be very harmful to their still-developing body. Not only is it detrimental to a teen’s physical health, but to his or her mental health as well. When a teenager starts to diet in a hazardous manner, he or she brings a barrage of problems upon one’s self. These problems can include but are not restricted to obesity, eating disorders, and nutritional deficiencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people may be surprised by the fact that dieting can actually cause obesity later in life. This seems like a paradox, but in reality it isn’t. When someone diets, it slows down their metabolism. When this individual resorts to old eating habits, their metabolism doesn’t have time to adjust, and the weight they lost is immediately returned. Dieting also lowers a person’s blood sugar which can trigger depression. This depression, in turn, causes binge eating which can also result in weight gain. A Harvard Medical School study of 8,203 girls and 6,769 boys found that the adolescents who dieted frequently actually gained more weight each year than other children (Diet fact or fiction: Science World). Both the males and females suffered from the boomerang effect of dieting and gained an average of two pounds more than the non-dieters. They then determined that the weight gain was due to the fact that when teens diet, they are restricting thems elves. When a person cuts down on calories, it becomes very hard for them to control the cravings, desires, and hunger. When they can no longer control themselves, they binge on all sorts of food, which eventually leads to the weight gain.

Teenage Smoking in Canada Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a society where it is not unusual to see a ten year old child smoking a cigarette in public, where large tobacco companies sponsor all big sporting events and where smoking advertisements are everywhere you look, how can it be understood that what is going on is a form of suicide. Smoking is comparable to a serial killer; a cigarette acts as the weapon used by tobacco companies and its victims subjecting themselves by their own free will to participate in the crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The governments of the United States and many other countries have chosen to regulate addictive substances, like cigarettes, via taxation; minimum-age purchase laws; restrictions on consumption in schools, the workplace, and public places; and stiff fines for driving under the influence of alcohol. The prices of these substances will rise because of taxation; other forms of regulation, and bans. Thus, measuring their responsiveness to price is important in determining the optimal level of taxation and the impacts of legalization. Contrary to conventional wisdom, studies find that the consumption of addictive substances is quite sensitive to price.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teen smoking has been increasing since 1991. There are economic, psychological and sociological factors that play an important role in this increase.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economically, cigarettes are highly advertised, extremely affordable and accessible to practically anyone. As for the advertisement aspect in the sale of cigarettes, tobacco companies spend billions of dollars per year to advertise their brands. This money is spent on the actual advertisement, and also on manipulating the subconscious minds of teenagers. (Reynolds, 1999) Billboards and magazines lure teenagers to smoke, by using teen idols and appealing photos in their ads. The Canadian Government has been attempting to put a stop to tobacco industries using teen idols in selling their products, by passing Bill C-71, a legislation that forbids tobacco companies from putting up signs for events in which they sponsor. The car racer and teen idol, Jacques Villeneuve can no longer be advertised in his car racing suit as Rothman's cigarettes advertisements are highly visible on it, as this would give off a negative message to teens who look up to him. The only exceptio n to this law however, is that the signs may be put up at the site of the event, in bars or in newspaper... ...by the behavior of their parents is central to many considerations of health and social behavior. Many teenagers begin smoking to feel grow-up. However, if they are still smoking when they reach 30, the reason is no longer to feel like an adult; at this point, they are smoking from habit. Goodwin, D. W., Guze, S. B. (1984).Young children who see older children or family members smoking cigarettes are going to equate smoking with being grown up. Patterns of both drinking and smoking, which are closely associated, are strongly influenced by the lifestyles of family members peers and by the environments in which they live. Minimal, moderate, and heavy levels of drinking, smoking, and drug use, among family members are strongly associated with very similar patterns of use among adolescents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To conclude, one can look economically at the cost of cigarettes, the accessibility of cigarettes, and the amount of money put into advertisements for tobacco. Also psychologically at the effects and real meaning of ads and at females ideas and misconceptions about smoking. And, finally sociologically, peer and family influence play a huge role in the increase of teen smokers.

Child with Autism Essay

There are many books out there relative to the matter of Autism, but I have to say that â€Å"Ten Things Every Child with Autism Wishes You Knew† is a the must read for my parents and my colleagues at work, that’s why I chose it for this assignment. Summary This book is an expansion of a successful article that Ellen Notbohm published in 2005. She used the same title. Ellen is a mother of two special needs children, one with autism and the other one with ADHD; however this book is written from the perception of an individual with autism. This is not a long book. It has only ten chapters and is about 130 pages, including the preface and the introduction, called in this book as, â€Å"It begins†. In this part of the book, â€Å"It begins†, the author tries to convince families and caregivers who are dealing with autism, to see it not like a disease. Ellen wants people to help their children to live with it, not to teach them to suffer for something that the children can not even control or they may not even know about. After this introduction, we found that each chapter can be described like a handbook. Each of the ten chapters has just a few bits of information about the common problems that a child with autism presents. However, when you finish reading the book, you will find that this information all together is a complete and trustful story encyclopedia that can help parents, teachers and many other professionals who work with ASD individuals a young age. In the first chapter, the wish is that people may be able to understand that she or he is just a child that needs love, patience, and help. I’m â€Å"autistic†; I’m not a label, I’m just a child. Going beyond with this marvelous book we found how the sensory issues are the reason of many behavior problems. Behavior doesn’t appear from nowhere, an incomprehensible and unexpected behavior has a sensory cause. Ellen advises parents and caregivers to think and reconsider about their beliefs. She also made some suggestions that can help us to identify and work around the child’s sensory structure. Meltdowns, the well-known meltdowns. These are also addressed in this book. Ellen describes the four trigger clusters, sensory overload, physical/physiological, emotional, and poor examples from adults. She indicates the way to identify their causes as well. She makes us to stop thinking or saying that â€Å"she/he won’t† to analyze and identify what is causing the behavior. Visual learners, this is explained in chapter four. This chapter tells us how these children are concrete learners, and visual thinkers. She also illustrates how verbal communication doesn’t make any sense to these children, by given some examples that she calls common snags. She reminds us that we have to help these children by developing a functional way that she/he can use to express their needs, wants, feelings, fears, etc. If they don’t know how to communicate they will find the way to let us know, which can be expressed with any variety of behaviors. Some techniques are also provided in this book, to help these children to develop or improved social interaction and the formation of self esteem. Ellen, who is talking in this book as a child, reminds parents and caregivers that he/she is trying his/her best with his/her poor and limited social skills. Ellen describes her feels when her son was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. She pictures her emotions and thoughts, and her continued fight with her hopelessness. Ellen finishes the book by saying that it didn’t take long to realize she wouldn’t change her son in any aspect even if she could. â€Å"I wouldn’t have him be anything other than exactly what he is†. Relationship between the book and CEC Standards of the course The relationship between this book â€Å"Ten Things Every Child with Autism Wishes You Knew† and the standards for professional educators, CEC, can begin with Standard One, that states how the â€Å"special educators use this knowledge as a ground upon which to construct their own personal understandings†. This book provides valuable information that can help teachers who work with ASD students to get a better idea of their world, and gather this information to build strategies or interventions that will help these children to develop or increase skills that will lead to improvement of their lives. Standard Nine, which addresses the engagement in professional and learning activities with families, colleagues, and activities that will lead to a professional growth, have a relationship with this book, because even though this book is more like a personal reflection from a mother of a child with autism, the book offers with details a full description of the primary problems that every child with autism has to face every day. The information provided in this book is helping educators to obtain knowledge and develop understanding of those incomprehensible and unexpected behaviors that many children with autism have. The last standard and the most important: Standard Ten which emphasizes â€Å"collaboration with families, other educators, related service providers, and personnel from community agencies in culturally responsive ways†, collaboration that can help to address the needs of the students. The collaboration can be practiced by sharing this book with parents, teachers, therapists, etc. As I mentioned in my introduction the information provided by the author can be considered as a handbook. Therefore by sharing this book with them, the special educator can be seen as a resource that is facilitating information to parents across settings and services. Professional practice with parents of ASD children My professional growth as a special educator has been impacted by this book enormously. Last school year when I was transferred to Redondo Elementary, although I have a background as a Special Educator, I didn’t know about autism at all. As a result I found myself desperately trying to find information that will help me to understand autism. One of my colleagues recommended this book and I purchased it immediately. I will say that Standard One is reflecting on my professional growth, because, when I read this book, I found the answer to many questions such as: Why is it that she/he claps? Why is it that she/he spins around? , etc. Knowledge that I apply to my teaching every day. Standard Nine reflects on my professional growth because, after reading this book, I am more â€Å"aware of how their own and others attitudes, behaviors, and ways of communicating can influence my practice†. Now I am able to understand more the culture of autism, and I’m also feeling more perceptive about my students’ needs and parents’ concerns. Standard Ten, which is always the most important for my â€Å"collaboration†. I like to extend an invitation to all my parents during my open house or family nights that we have at my school to read this book. I also like to extend an invitation to my parents to come and see me if they are having difficulties with their child at home, so we can work together to implement an intervention to address that particular problem. I would like to finish with this personal account book review/reflection sharing my favorite quotation of this book. â€Å"Patience. Patience. Patience. Work to view my autism as a different ability rather than disability†.

Communication in Basketball

Communication is a method in which we interact. It allows us to exchange information through several medium and methods. The dictionary defines it as a process in which we assign, conveys and relate different meaning in an effort to create, share and provide understanding among people. In accomplishing the process, a vast range of repertoire of skills is needed. The skills required are listening, speaking, observing, analyzing, evaluating and inferring. The process is developmental and is applied and employed in different fields of every industry and areas of life.   At home, schools, community and at working areas, communication and proper mode of utilizing it is vital. With appropriate mode used in communication process, cooperation, unity and cohesiveness is attained as better understanding about different issues are obtained. Communication comes in various forms. Depending on the situation we are into, the appropriate form of communication we need to employ for effective communication employ may vary. Various forms of communication may include verbal, non-verbal and written. These different forms of communication can all be observed in watching or playing sports and different games. In sports, these forms of communications are present and very visible. Every sporting event and game requires teamwork; from the plays and strategies devised by the coaching staff during training camp up to its proper execution on the hard court or playing field. For teamwork to flourish with in the unit is necessary. Coaches often stress the importance of communication while inside the hard court and playing, many times in interviews conducted at post games they comment on the lack of communication that leads to failure to work as a team. They point out that communication by the players and the coach can spell victory from the agony of defeat. Thus, keys that will propel teams to victory and eventually to greatness include proper communication. Perhaps among the sporting events which glued audience to the end of their seats and watched by millions across the world college hoops is one sport that highlight the significance of proper communication. The players, team officials and school alumni’s passion towards the sports are admirable and drive them to push harder and be victorious. College hoops or the NCAA in particular conveys a lot of message to us. Through pod casts, radios and TV broadcast over satellites TV that reaches every part of the world, the NCAA communicates with us. Verbal communication is attained through the commentators and analysts who present the game to us. Although communication is one way it is still considered communication since messages are conveyed and related to us and as a result we are able to fully become aware and understand the game; who is winning, how the game is being played, to which phase it is in favor and we are provided with in depth analysis. Although fans are located miles away across the globe, fans are still able to follow the performance of his favorite team. Thanks to the advent of technology as communication has been made possible to all parts of the globe at any given time. The intensity of the game is passed to us as commentators, announcers, court side reporters and game analyst detailed their stories of every happening on and off the court. Play by play they dissect the game, how things have lead to something and the effect of the players every action. With microphones and other electronic devices sound and conversation are amplified that add color to the already intense game. As announcers announced â€Å"Blue Devils basketball!† or â€Å"and 1!† fans break into a wild frenzy and plunges and burst into euphoric celebration. The written form of communication can be observed through the live coverage conducted by the giant networks. Audiences are furnished with information that updates them with every happening on the hard court. As a result, viewers are able to experience and grasp the real spirit and the electricity enveloping the stadiums. Scores are flashed in the TV screen together with the game clock and shot clock and allow us to track every detail that would account to the result of the game. During pre-games and half time reports we are flooded with information as games statistics are displayed in our screens. Through these we are able to deeply understand the game, how and why our favorite team is down and loosing, what is needed to overcome the deficit and eventually win, how can   â€Å"Mayo†Ã‚   be neutralized and what does â€Å"Beasley† needs to do in the offensive and defensive end. Experts are able to relay us important keys needed to be accomplished to win. After games, we are able to communicate directly to players as their thoughts are revealed during post game interviews. Written reports are also published in newspapers together with box scores. Through this writings messages are given and messages are passed. Thus they are considered form of communication. If various forms of communication are already observed and present from network’s live coverage and outside the playing venues, more modes of communications are observed with in the venue and the live game itself. We can start our discussion from the array of strategies each school employs. In order t o win a ballgame a magnificent game plan must first be concocted and devised. Devising it will fall on the hands of the coaching staff, scouts and consultants. With a game plan that able to maximize the teams strength and exploits the opponents weaknesses and liabilities, the only that would hinder and stall the team’s victory is its execution. In execution, coaches converse and discuss game plans to their ace and dependable players. They talk and interact in a manner in which both parties would understand and what each of them wants to do. They exchange information. The coaches tell the players what they think is necessary to do and order their players to accomplish it. The players on the other hand try to do it and then relate to his coach the changes that might be necessary to adapt in order for the plan to be more effective. The end result then is a much better strategy as coaches performed major and small adjustments. These adjustments can then be the difference in a ballgame. Used of verbal communication is not limited to coaches as the players in the court need to communicate as well with each other. Plays are called and players and staffs designed code names for them, so that only players from their side would know what play will be in the offing. They refer to the pick and roll with other names, the isolations and post ups with other codes. Other teams are then led to confusion as terms with different meaning are made to mean something. Opposing teams are left guessing in trying to anticipate actions that would be done by their rivals. As long as every individual that is part of the team fully understand the description of each secret code and identify its correct message, communication among them would be effective. Spectators also display oral communication as they react from astonishing and poor plays. They also tend to argue with bad calls. They shout on top of their lungs to express how the play has been magnificent and show their support by screaming â€Å"DEFENSE!†. Referees and committee officials also talk among each others to ensure that calls and judgment conform with each other’s decision. In terms of the written form of communication, committee officials adapt the use of these system as signs are raised that would indicate if teams are on penalty, the number of personal fouls and who’s possession the ball would be. In return delays are avoided from happening that may arise from confusions in the fast pace tempo of the game. Fans keep track of the scores from the giant electronic scoreboard that also shows the period and time remaining. It contains all sorts of information that would remind the players and the spectators of everything about the game. Posters, slogans and banners are also a mean of communication that can be observed in a basketball game. As a method of showing their support faniacs ( fan and maniacs alike) raised and lift banners that contain catchy praise that either showed unwavering support to the team or leave opposing team irritated. In terms of non-verbal form of communication that is present through out the duration of the ball game, there are lots that can be observed. Rules and regulations that are implemented in a basketball game rely heavily on the use of signs. They are expressed mainly through the use of signs that have come to be identified with basketball. Violations such as traveling, dribbling infraction, fouls and goal tending are expressed through the different combination of hands and arms movement. With these various motions of the hands and body movement, a call is identified. Thus, before someone or in order for anyone to play the game to this high level, he must know and understand the sign and language of the sports. Calls that are made are evaluated through these signs such as arms at crossed which means a substitution is being prepped up and closed fists which indicate that someone committed a foul. Through this, fans and viewers in the boob tube can readily recognize the call that was made. Furthermore, referees also used hand signals and gestures to report to the technical committee those who have made the infraction by signaling the player’s jersey number. Clapping is also a sign of non-verbal communication displayed at games. Spectators cheered for exciting plays, pair of crucial free throws that are made and defensive gem performed by their team, supporters clapped and give each others high fives. Players and coaches also employed non-verbal communication by tapping their heads, crossing their fingers or pulling up the upper portion of their jersey. They can also raise their hand and their arms to indicate plays. They use it as a cover up to prevent opponents from reading their attacks. Communication in the game of basketball is very important. Proper communication makes things better. Verbal, written and non verbal communication are all present in the game and the lack of any one of these can spell the doom to a team. Sports are perfect microcosms of life and if communication can lead to a team’s downfall improper communication also have adverse effect into the different areas of life. Reference Werner, S. (1979) Communication Theories: Origins, Methods, Uses. New York: Hasting House

A Sequence for Academic Writing Essay

The purpose of this website of The National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League (NARAL) Pro-choice America, is to to show their advocacy for the right of a woman to choose and her right to privacy with regards to reproductive health. The exclusivity of the issues tackled in this site suggest that their concern is concentrated on specific subject matters affecting the conditions of women in the society such as abortion, use of birth control, teen-pregnancy, reproductive health issues of women of color and legislation about the advancement of the right of a woman to choose. Also, the site offers different means on how women with these kind of problems can understand and take action. 2. What is the subject matter of this site? The subject matter of this site is about the right of every woman to choose and her right to privacy regarding women’s reproductive health. 3. What is the purpose of the site? The purpose of this site is to empower women about their sexuality. They aim is to promote the freedom of women to decide for themselves without being scrutinized or discriminated by the society. Also, the website provides many information about the pro-choice legislation and policies for women, research, campaigns and other advocate organizations to educate visitors about the mentioned subject matter. 4. Is this site for, against, or neutral as far as the subject matter is concerned? This site is evidently pro-choice and for the privacy of women. One of the site’s objective is the prevention of unintended pregnancies by provding women more access to birth control and sex education to lessen the occurence of abortion. But they believe that abortion should be made legal and safe to give options to women whether they want to puruse their pregnancy or not regardless of their reasons. 5. Does the site offer anything unique? Does it tell you more than you could find out in an encyclopedia? This site offers a variety of information ranging from research done by NARAL Pro-choice America to government legislations and policies. The media center of the site is composed of choice-related topics from other publications or websites such as The Buffalo News, Fox News and Colorado Springs Gazette. Other sources are background materials, quotes, and story ideas or experiences of women. 6. Did you learn anything? Was the site worth visiting? In this site, I have learned the dilemmas experienced by women particularly when it comes to their reproductive health and choices. In these kind of situations, women are torn between choosing the right thing or what is for their best interest. Moreover, this site really gives a comprehensive outlook about the fight to advance the rights of woment to choose and privacy. Visitors of this website will really have an elightening experience when they read the content. 7. If you were compiling a bibliography of sources about the subject matter of this site, would you include or exclude it from your final list? Yes, I would use this website as one my sources if I am writing a research about the subject mater because it has a single point of view which is supported by many arguments which are valid and practical. Writing Exercise 2 Analyze the Web site National Right to Life. 1. As stated on page 295 of A Sequence for Academic Writing, â€Å"Web pages generally fall into one of six types, each with a different purpose: (1) entertainment, (2) business/marketing, (3) reference/information, (4) news, (5) advocacy of a particular point of view or program, (6) personal page. † What type is this site? Why do you think this? This is an advocay website that upholds the importance and presenrvation of life. They are against any act that would endanger any human life such as abortion. 2. What is the subject matter of this site? The subject of this website is focused on protecting and giving importance to all human life. In line with this, the information contained on the website clearly suggest that the organizers, National Right to Life Committee, are opposed to abortion and issues related to medical ethics such as euthanasia and infanticide. However, the site does not tackle and does not provide any opinions or views on contraception, sex education, capital punishment, and national defense. 3. What is the purpose of the site? The purpose of this site is to encourage visitors of the website to patronize their advocacy which is to disseminate information and at the same time convince people about the negative effects of abortion, infanticide, and euthanasia to an individual and to the society 4. Is this site for, against, or neutral as far as the subject matter is concerned? This site is against the promotion, advocacy and conduct of abortion, infanticide, and euthanasia but the site also advocates the propagation of the notion that human life is valuable so any act that tries to eliminate it should be punishable by law. 5. Does the site offer anything unique? Does it tell you more than you could find out in an encyclopedia? The site of the National Right to Life Committee used different data to support their objective. Its extensive database is focused on these three aspects: abortion, infanticide, and euthanasia. The site includes other realted links from other websites as well, media press releases and current legislation updates about the subject matter. 6. Did you learn anything? Was the site worth visiting? I have learned that even though the US has a liberated culture, many citizens still possess conservative views specfically about the protection of human life whether that individual is an infant or an adult. 7. If you were compiling a bibliography of sources about the subject matter of this site, would you include or exclude it from your final list? Yes, I would definitely use this website as a bibliography source if I were to tackle the subject matter. The website contains many informative data from their own database and outside sources as wells such as information from orgazations with similar objectives, the US government and media publications. Having all these information would make my research very substatntial and extensive. Revision Activity 1 Go to: Handwriting Analysis Read the article analyzing the sample of handwriting provided. Answer the following questions regarding the analysis. 1. What is the author’s initial impression of Walter Railey’s handwriting? The analyst’s initial impression on Walter Railey’s handwriting is that Railey has self-control but his emotions are repressed. These characteristics were presumed by the analyst as an indication of having a compulsive personality. 2. What are three of the particular elements of Railey’s handwriting the author analyzes? The author analyzed the writing strokes, spaces between the letters and hand pressure which became the three major foundations in analyzing the personality of Railey. 3. What element of Railey’s handwriting does the author thinks reveals his weak self image? According to the analyst, the â€Å"diminished and sometimes near threaded middle zone, small compared to upper and lower zones, together with an insignificant and defensive ppI, represent his weak self-image† (Arnold â€Å"Walker Railey†). 4. Explain what analytical tool the author is using in order to analyze Railey’s handwriting. Is the author credible in applying this analytical tool? The author searched for patterns in Raile’s handwriting. Then, the changes in these patterns are noted and analyzed in accordance with the personality of the subject. Moreover, based on the findings, the author was able to make a detailed analysis of the handwriting indicating his/her expertise about it. Also, the patterns of the handwriting helped the author to determine the elements that would expose the individuality of Railey. 5. Once the analysis is complete the author offers a summary of his findings. Are his summary findings concurrent with his initial impressions? The summary part is the synthesis of all the findings regarding the handwriting of Railey. With regards with the concurrence of the initial impression with the summary is that both were able to provide similar information. However, in the initial impression the descriptiom is brief but in the summary it is a little bit more detailed. 6. At the end of the page you will find a link to a short biography of Walter Railey. Follow the link and read the biography. How accurate is the author’s analysis of Walter Railey’s character, based on his handwriting analysis? After reading the biography of Walker and comparing it with the results of handwriting analysis, the former made some very accurate portrayal of the real Walter Raileys. In the analysis, Railey was rendered as selfish, emotionally repressed, and having dual personality which were all apparent in his historical background. Railey was selfish because he only cared about himself and he ignored his family and friends. Also, his emotional repression was shown when he tried to kill his wife and commit suicide. More so, his dual personality was demonstrated when he was charaterized as a charismatic religous leader and also as a controlling and indifferent individual. Revision Activity 1 Go to: Handwriting Analysis Read the article analyzing the sample of handwriting provided. Answer the following questions regarding the analysis. 1. What does the analysis say that the dark strokes represent about Bill Clinton? According to the analyst, the dark strokes of Clinton’s handwriting indicate â€Å"a great deal of energy and an ability to work hard and for long periods of time† (Canoles â€Å"Bill Clinton†). 2. What does the analysis say about the â€Å"little tents† under Clinton’s words? The little tents suggest â€Å"how firm, and even stubborn, Clinton can become once his mind is made up† (Canoles â€Å"Bill Clinton†). 3. How accurate do you find the analysis comments from what you know about Bill Clinton? Based on his administration when he was president and my impression about Bill Clinton, I could say that the handwriting analysis was close to my ideas. Since Clinton was elected as president for two consecutive terms, it suggested that he was well-liked by his consitutents and that he did a great job in doing his taks as head of the state which is very similar with the report of the author’s analysis that Clinton is â€Å"fair and objective when working on initiatives or with people† (Canoles â€Å"Bill Clinton†). 4. Go to: Clinton Biography Read a short biography on Bill Clinton. What comments from the analysis seem accurate according to the short biography? According to the first short biogrphy that I read, Clinton achieved numerous accomplishemnts dugin his term as President of the United States. Some of these were the increase of employment for Americans, reductionsof tax for businesses and many others. In the handwriting analysis, Clinton was depicted as â€Å"direct, efficient, can prioritize easily,† detail-oriented and a â€Å"pragmatic idealist† which are characteristics needed in order to make positive accomplishments. (Canoles â€Å"Bill Clinton†). These qualifyers corresponded with the characteristics of Clinton shown on the biography. 5. Go to: Handwriting Analysis Read a second short analysis of Bill Clinton. How do the two analyses compare/contrast? According to the second short biogrphy that I read, Clinton was described as an intelligent and a charismatic political leader loved by the people. However, he was involved in a sex controversy that influenced many people to question his credibility. But after being found not guilty from the charges against him, he gradually redeemed himself by initiating productive changes in the US and in the international scene. When the handwriting analysis was compared to the biography, the fomer made accurate descriptions of Clinton solely based on his handwriting that matched the information from the latter. But there were some information that were not confirmed by the biography such as the early emotional hurt experienced by Clinton that caused him to have a protective cautin. Nothing was said in his biography about any incident that might have a negative impact on him. So this piece of data still remain questionable. Nevertheless, the majority of information in the handwriting analysis were similar to the actual personal and historical background of Bill Clinton. Write Journal ( Two paragraphs only): Find an advertisement in U. S. a magazine and a) describe the ad, then b) analyze it by discussing all of the following: the colors in the ad, the message (or words) of the ad, and who or what is the focal point of the ad. How do all of these aspects work together to try to get you to buy the product? In the rainbow ad by Skittles, the texts incorporated stated, â€Å"If you filled all the world’s maracas with skittle, no one would ever know. † This literally means that the maracas would not be heard because people are going to eat the Skittles which will supposedly make the sound for the maracas. These texts were colored using all the rainbow colors which are also the colors of the Skittle candies. It was like the ad was bursting with colors which insinuated that if a someone eats a Skittle, the flavors would also burst inside the mouth. More so, in a caption below the ad which says, â€Å"Hear the rainbow, taste the rainbow,† suggests that the appealing look of the Skittles is also transcended to the taste which is composed of different flavors similar with the colors of the window. When all these elements are combined, the ad makes a powerful visual that is both enticing and informative. Works Cited Arnold, Rosemay. â€Å"Walker Railey. † 2006. Handwriting. org. 14 July 2008 . Canoles, June. â€Å"Bill Clinton. † 2006. Handwriting. org. 14 July 2008 .